First Nations pay more tax than you think

There's a common misconception in Canada that aboriginal people don't pay taxes, but, in fact, tax exemption applies to fewer than half of aboriginal Canadians and even they have to havevery specific work and living arrangements to benefit from it.

Misunderstandings about aboriginal people and taxes "absolutely" exist even among First Nations themselves, saysManny Jules, chair of the First Nations Tax Commission.

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"[Non-First Nations people] feel that no status Indian pays anything in terms of tax," he said. "People do pay taxes excise tax, income tax, sales tax all of those."

Only somestatus Indians are exempt from paying taxes, and even then, it's in very specific situations.

Who is exempt?

First Nations people who are recognized as status Indiansunder Section 6ofthe Indian Actmay be eligible for some tax exemptions.

The act has existed since 1876 and initially conferred Indianstatus on male members of certain bands, their children and their wives. Later amendments extended it to otherswho may have lost it over subsequent generations women who married non-status men and their children, for example.

People do pay taxes excise tax, income tax, sales tax all of those.-MannyJules, First Nations Tax Commission

In 2011, there were 637,660 registered status Indians, or slightly over45per cent of aboriginal people living in Canada, according to Statistics Canada.

But that doesn't meanall of them are living tax-free. Most exemptionson income, sales and property tax apply only to status Indians living or working on reserves or both. In 2011, less than half of all registered status Indians, or about 314,000 people, lived on reserve, according to Statistics Canada.

"It is definitely a myth," says Chief Darcy Bear of the notion that aboriginal people don't pay taxes.

Bear is chief of the 550 people living on Whitecap Dakota First Nation near Saskatoon. He says even the status Indians who don't pay federal and provincial taxes on income end up getting taxed in other ways.

What's more, about22 per cent of working-agestatus Indians living on reserves are unemployed and have no employment income, according to 2011 figures from Statistics Canada, whichdefines working age as 25-64. (It is unclear how many employed people living on reserves also workthere.)

Anyone not eligible to be or not registered as a status Indian follows the same tax rules as all other Canadians.

In 2011, that amounted to about 55 per cent of the1.4 million aboriginal peoplein Canada.Inuit andMtispeople are also excluded from the Indian Register and are regular taxpayers.

What is exempt?

Section 87 of the Indian Act exempts the "personal property" of status Indians from taxation.This includes:

• Income earned on a reserve (including income from employment or investment).
• Property located on a reserve.

Whenstatus Indians purchase goods on a reserve, they also often do not pay GST or HST. If they buy something off reservebut have it delivered to the reserve, the GST and HST exemption still applies. Status Indians living on remote reserves may be allowed to get theGST and HST exemption for goods they bring back to the reserve.

We're paying tax all the time.- Chief Darcy Bear,Whitecap Dakota First Nation

Some provinces allow partial HST rebates for certain goods purchased off reserves.

But Bear points out that often, it simply doesn't makefinancial sense to use the sales taxexemptions.

There are no large shopping centres on Whitecap Dakota First Nation, for example, so residents often travel about 20 minutes into downtown Saskatoon to shop, he says. Buying something like a pair of jeans and paying for delivery will cost residents more than opting to pay theGST/HST and bringing the item back themselves.

"We're paying tax all the time," he said.

Is it really that cut and dry?

A status Indian livingand working on a reserve is "a slam dunk" for tax exemption, says Bruce Hurst, a certified general accountant with RHN, an accounting firm thatworks with First Nations in B.C.

"That's kind of your starting point," he says.

Butindividuals and businesses who have more complicated situations and might qualify for tax exemption mustdetermine how much of their income-earning activityhappens on reserve and how much happens elsewhere.

"Oftentimes, that's a bit of a grey area," said Hurst.

The Canada Revenue Agencyoutlines several factors used to determine whether businesses and self-employed individuals can be tax exempt, including:

• Where the business or person carries out revenue-generating activities.
• Where its customers are located.
• Whether or not an office or books and records are kept on areserve.

Taxes on income earned by fishermen, for example,can be tricky, says Hurst, because where individuals fish and where they sell their catch is important, but they frequently work in waters that can be difficult to classify.

"If that's their traditional fishing grounds, there's a possibility that, that would be considered to be exempt," he said.

Farmers are in a similar situation, with tax officials scrutinizing where they grow and harvest crops, keep cattle or milk dairy cows.

If some business activities occur on reserve and some off reserve, the tax exemption for income and business expenses may be prorated.

Status Indians andbusinesses are also not exempt from paying excise taxes and duties on certain manufactured products. For example, Grand River Enterprises, a company making cigarettes on Six Nations of the Grand River land near Brantford, Ont.,pays about $160 million annually in excise duties, saidJules.

What about tax credits and benefits?

Status Indians or couples with tax-exempt income may still be eligible for some of the same tax credits and benefits as taxpayers.

In order to qualify for benefits such asthe Canada Child Tax Benefit, tax-exempt individuals must still file a tax return, Hurst said,and declare their income under a section labelled: "Indian (exempt income) Employment."

Hurstsaidone of hisFirst Nations clientsearns tax-exempt income on reservebut is married to a non-First Nations man who works off reserve. On their income tax return, they declare his income for tax purposesbut include her income in the special section.

"It might be exempt income for tax purposes, but it would be classified as working income for the purpose of calculating all these other tax credits," Hurst said.

Why do exemptions exist?

The CRA points out thattheSupreme Court of Canada emphasizedin a 1990 decisionthat tax exemption for First Nations serves in part to protectaboriginal land and "to make sure tax does not erode the use of Indian property on reserves."

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It is not meant "to help remedy the economically disadvantaged position of aboriginal people in Canada or bring economic benefits to them," the CRA says, paraphrasing the decision known asMitchellvs.Peguis Indian Band.

The tax exemptions on property,in particularwhich, the court points out,de facto dateback to the Royal Proclamation of 1763 exist "so that lands couldn't be lost by Indian people ... throughforfeitures, tax sales, those kinds of things," Jules said.

When it comes to income, the exemption is also owing in part to the fact that, historically, aboriginal people were considered wards of the state.

"Income taxes didn't apply because, generally, you don't tax peoplethatare not your citizens," Jules said.

Do reserves collect taxes?

Just because some status Indians don't pay federal and provincial income taxesdoesn't mean they pay zero tax. There are more than600 bands in Canada, and some reserves levy their own taxes on residents.

Bear says those communities are following in the tradition of the "sharing model" that's always been a part of First Nations culture.

"If your best hunter killed 10 buffalo, he doesn't eat 10 buffalo himself. He shares with the whole community," he said.

Not only hunters participated in this kind of exchange everybody had a gift to contribute, Bears says, such as making clothing or sharing their wisdom.

Today, that sharing model takes the form of special tax systems on somereserves, including Whitecap Dakota First Nation, which has implemented a variety of different taxes that status and non-status Indians must pay on reserve.

The First Nations Tax Commission helps band governments develop property tax regimes. More than 150 First Nations have implemented property taxes on reserves, bringing in $70 million annually, according to the FNTC.First Nations use the revenue to build schools,roads and other infrastructure, says Jules, and to help pay for elder care and education.

In a lot of cases First Nations individuals are now becoming mainstream taxpayers.- Bruce Hurst, accountant, RHN

The Whitecap Dakota First Nation has charged a property tax for about a decade, says Bear. Some of the revenuepays for language and culture programs. Bear says it's important for the First Nation to generate income so it can invest in its No. 1 resource: its people.

Eight reserves charge a five per cent First Nations sales tax on alcohol, fuel and/or tobacco bought on their land, according to the CRA.Twenty-six First Nations, including Whitecap Dakota First Nation,have implemented a five per cent First Nations goods and services tax onproducts bought on reserves.

Fourteen self-governing aboriginal communities, which have entered into agreements with the federalgovernment to no longer be governed by the Indian Act, have imposed a First Nations personal income tax, generating about $18 million annually, according to the CRA.

"In a lot of cases, you know, the First Nations individuals are now becoming mainstream taxpayers as a result," said Hurst.