Invention may make hydrogen a real green contender: Don Pittis

When Canadian fuel cell pioneerGeoffreyBallard had the idea of"replacingthe internal combustion engine just getting that off the streets," the difficulties seemed overwhelming.

But 30 years after Vancouver-basedBallard Power Systems created its first commercial hydrogen fuel cell, a breakthrough at StanfordUniversity may suddenly makethe hydrogen-powered car a serious green contender.

• Hydrogen fuel cells find a niche despite doubts of Tesla's ElonMusk
• Ballard Power stock jumps 57% on Volkswagen fuel cell deal

ElonMusk, whose company Tesla Motors has been a leader in battery-powered cars, has scoffed at his hydrogen-fuelledcompetitors, calling them silly and implying it was a dead-end technology.

But this latest invention out of Californiamay allowhydrogen to give Musk a run for his money.

Ballard died in 2008 and the company he founded is less involved inthe automotive side of the business, but the the founder's dream has been turned into a reality by others.

Hyundai is already leasing its ix35 Fuel CellSUV.Its hydrogen fuel tanks, developed by Calgary's Dynetek(now owned by a U.S. company),provide a range of nearly 600 kilometres.

Japanese green-car trailblazer Toyotahas its slick-looking Mirai, a hydrogenfuel cell vehicle the companysays will refuel in about five minutes.

Getting fuel cell cars ready for market has been a struggle, even for an innovator like Toyota,the company famous in green car circles formaking the gas-electric hybrid a reality.

But fuel cells still have a dirty secret.

Not so clean

While burning hydrogen in a fuel cellis perfectly clean, producing nothing but water out of its tailpipe, the fuel it burns is not. That is because almost all commercialhydrogen is produced in an energy-intensive process called "steam reforming,"using methanegas from fossil sources. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas.

Of course, another way to produce hydrogen has been known for more than a century. Justextract it from water. Every molecule of water, H20, is made of two atoms of hydrogenand one atom of oxygen. Around 1800, two British scientists employed an Italian invention to separate those atoms using electricity.

The trouble iselectrolysis of wateris still too expensive to compete with traditional methane extraction methods. That's partly because the electrolysismethod uses exotic material to make the electrodes used to apply the current to the water. Not only that, but those expensive electrodes wear out after only a few hours.

But the new research out of Stanford has produced electrodes that appear to have a considerably longer life and are cheaper to produce.

The university announced this week that graduate student Ming Gong, leadinga group of others,had invented a way to hydrolyze water using an alloy of iron and nickel on both electrode poles.

"This is the first time anyone has used non-precious metal catalysts to split water at a voltage that low," says Stanford scientist HongjieDai. "It's quite remarkable, because normally you need expensive metalslike platinum or iridium."

Already in the experimental model, the electrodes work steadily for 200 hours. That compares to 30 hours for the more expensive electrodes used currently.

"The electrodes are fairly stable, but they do slowly decay over time," says Gong. "The current device would probably run for days, but weeks or months would be preferable. That goal is achievable based on my most recent results."

So far, thenew, low-cost processfor splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen operates at an "unprecedented"82% efficiency,says Stanford.

That could make using hydrogen tostoreelectricity from intermittent sources likesolar andwind, and from hydroelectric surpluses, a rival forexpensive battery systems.

Once in the form of hydrogen, thatenergy can be stored indefinitely in tanks near the production source untilit is needed.In some ways, hydrogen is much more similar to the energy packed intotraditional gasoline.

There is always a danger inextrapolating future commercial uses from laboratory experiments. But compared to the days when Ballard Power Systems hesitantly put together its first fuelcells,hydrogentechnology's latest backers have some very deep pockets.

More than anything, Gong's latest invention demonstrates that green research is a well with deep reserves. And it reminds us that in energy labs around the world, there are plenty more ideas in the pipeline.

Follow Don on Twitter @don_pittis

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