Norway's sovereign wealth holds lessons for Canada

In Stavanger, a quaint, seaside city on Norway's coast, a local newspaper publishes aseries called "The Oil Kids" thatreports on the lifestyles of wealthy second-generation beneficiaries of Norway's offshore oil riches.

"If you compare to our parents or grandparents which built this country, I think we're a little bit spoiled," admits Bjorn Knudsen, whose father worked for a large North Sea oil company.

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Fifty years ago,Stavanger'sbiggest industry was canning herring. Now, this city is the country's de facto oil capital.

"We are extremely lucky," saysBjorn's wife, Kristin Alne, aproduction engineer for DetNorskeOlijeselsksap, an offshore oil company."There are only five million of us [in Norway], and someone several decades ago was really smart to deal with the income from the oil industry to generate the welfare of this country as a whole."

'Someone several decades ago was really smart to deal with the income from the oil industry to generate the welfare of this country as a whole.'- KristinAlne, Norwegianengineer

They are luckyand Norway was smart. So smart that decisions made decades ago to bank the taxes from rich oil fields are now paying for their futureat a time when oil-rich Alberta faces a multibillion-dollar deficit.

In the middle ofStavanger, a hulking oil museumcharts oil's legacy and how it turned Norway from poor to prosperous.A real-time tickercounts up the Krone in the oil fund.

Norway today sits on top of a $1-trillion Cdnpension fund established in 1990 to invest the returns of oil and gas. The capital has been invested in over 9,000 companies worldwide, including over 200 in Canada. It is now the largest sovereign wealth fund in the world.

By contrast, Alberta's Heritage Savings Fund, established in 1976 by premier Peter Lougheed, sits at only $17 billion Cdnand hasbeenraided by governments and starved of contributionsfor years.

"For the last 10 years, when nothing went into the Alberta fund, and we put a lot of money aside, the profit went out of Canada," says Rolf Wiborg, a petroleum engineer who recently retired from Norway's public service.

Norway's ethos

Wiborg, who studied at the University of Alberta andworked for a Norwegian oil companybefore joining Norway's Petroleum Directorate, says the key to successhas been Norway's ethos of sharing and a commitment to never waver from thatgoal.

"We don't change our policies in Norway, with changes in the oil price you can't do that," he says. "Lougheed's government in Alberta knew that, they made policiesand then they left them behind."

Oil and gas make up 25 per cent of Norway's GDP, so the recent plunge in oil prices should have set off alarm bells in Oslo. Thousands of workers have indeedbeen laid off, but parliament is not painting a dire forecast for 2015.

"We all agree we're not facing a crisis," says Siv Jensen, Norway's finance minister.

Twenty-five years ago, when Norway set up its oil fund, it demanded high taxes from oil companies 78 per cent after profits and the costs of research and exploration. One hundred per centof those taxes were banked. The government isallowed to tap into the fund, but only up to four percent. That leavesthe principal untouched.

"We have low unemployment, we have growth, we have a huge surplus that's a very robust start in the face of declining oil prices", she says confidently.

The Canadian story

Norway did well by those rules. In contrast,AlbertaandSaskatchewanboth endowed with oil and other mineral resourcestook different routeswith vastly different results.

Alberta and Saskatchewanboth set up heritage funds (in 1976 and1978, respectively), but Alberta, for example, onlyput in 30 per cent of royalties. The funds were consistently raided by governments of the day, and inAlberta,contributions petered out altogether by1987. The Saskatchewan fund was terminated in 1992.

Those two provinces reveal important failures in the Canadian experience, says Greg Poelzer, a professor at the University of Saskatchewan and author of a recent paper on lessons fromNorway.

"First, the failure to contribute annually means the fund will not grow and one-time earnings from non-renewable resources are lost forever," he says.

"Second, governments should only use the interest, otherwise governments will overspend, putting programs at risk when the prices fall, as they always do."

Norway is not immune to oil's fluctuations. Statoil, a Norwegian company that is 67 per cent owned by Norwegians (another fiscally wise decision, according to Rolf Wiborg), has shed eight per centof its workforce, with more to come.

"This is the lean approach, fundamentally," says Statoil CEO Eldar Saetre, explaining that the big oil companies have to bring down the costs of production, and automate more of it.

Saetre says the industry is in a phase of permanent reduction and downsizing."This is not about taking down activity and then thinking it will come back," he says.

Diminishing resources

Norway's conventional oil reserves like those in most of the world are diminishing. Bente Nyland, head of Norway'sPetroleum Directorate,says development will continue on a large, promisingnew find,JohanSverdrup, but many of the North Sea fields are maturing.

"The main impact we see is that exploration is put on hold," she says.All the more reason to be vigilant about what comes out of existing fields. "Ourgoal is to ensurethe benefit from the oil activity goes into the Norwegian pension fund."

Like petro-economies around the world, Norway is facing a future where oil is not the golden goose it once was.

"We are facing a turning point where oil and gas will no longer be the engine of growth," warns Finance Minister Jensen. "We need to make sure that we are able to transform our economy towards broader markets."

Butfor now,the country's smart planningis a significant hedge against an uncertain future, saysFarouk al Kasim, an Iraqigeologist who emigrated to Norway in 1968.

The Norwegians asked the formersenior executive with Iraq's Petroleum Company to evaluate some early seismic data. Convinced Norway would soon become a major oil player, Al Kasimhelped design the management of the resource.

It is nice to have the fund behind us, because without it we would have been a very worried nation.- Farouk alKasim, geologist

"They were very determined that the major share of the profit would have to be to the citizens of the country, and that's how it is today," says alKasim, who was knighted in 2012 by the Norwegian king for his expertise managing Norway's resource.

But what about today, with the price of oil half of what it was six months ago?

"It is nice to have the fund behind us, because without it, we would have been a very worried nation."