Russia may have just defaulted on its foreign debt for 1st time in more than a century

Russia is poised to default on its foreign debt for the first time since the Bolshevik Revolution more than a century ago, further alienating the country from the global financial system following sanctions imposed over its war in Ukraine.

A 30-day grace period on interest payments originally due May 27 expired Sunday. But it could take time to confirm a default.

"It looks like the banks have complied with international sanctions and have withheld payment," said Chris Weafer, a veteran Russian economy analyst at consulting firm Macro-Advisory.

Last month, the U.S. Treasury Department ended Russia's ability to pay its billions in debt back to international investors through American banks. In response, the Russian Finance Ministry said it would pay dollar-denominated debts in rubles and offer "the opportunity for subsequent conversion into the original currency."

Russia denies default talk

Russia says it has the money to pay its debts but Western sanctions created "artificial obstacles" by freezing its foreign currency reserves held abroad.

Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov told reporters in a conference call Monday that "there are no grounds to call this situation a default," saying Russia has paid but it could not be processed because of sanctions.

The other side argues that "this happened because of sanctions, but sanctions were fully in your control," said Jay S. Auslander, a top sovereign debt lawyer at the firm of Wilk Auslander in New York. "All of this was under your control, because all you had to do was not invade Ukraine."

Here are key things to know about a Russian default:

How much does Russia owe?

About $40 billion US in foreign bonds, about half of that to foreigners. Before the start of the war, Russia had around $640 billion US in foreign currency and gold reserves, much of which was held overseas and is now frozen.

Russia has not defaulted on its international debts since the Bolshevik Revolution, when the Russian Empire collapsed and the Soviet Union was created. Russia defaulted on its domestic debts in the late 1990s but was able to recover from that default with the help of international aid.

Russia has effectively been in default for months in the eyes of bond investors, said Liam Peach, an economist specializing in emerging European markets at Capital Economics.

Insurance contracts that cover Russian debt have priced an 80 per centlikelihood of default for weeks, and rating agencies like Standard & Poor's and Moody's have placed the country's debt deep into junk territory.

How does a default become official?

Ratings agencies can deem a country to be functionally in default by lowering their debt rating on the country, or a court could declare the country to be in default. But the major ratings agencies have stopped rating the country's debt since the conflict began.

Bondholders who have credit default swaps contracts that act like insurance policies against default can ask a committee of financial firm representatives to decide whether a failure to pay debt should trigger a payout, which still isn't a formal declaration of default.

The Credit Derivatives Determinations Committees an industry group of banks and investment funds would likely flag a "credit event," Peach said.

The panel ruled June 7 that Russia had failed to pay required additional interest after making a payment on a bond after the April 4 due date. But the committee put off taking further action due to uncertainty over how sanctions might affect any settlement.

What can foreign investors do to get their money?

The formal way to declare default is if 25 per centor more of bondholders say they didn't get their money. Once that happens, provisions say all of Russia's other foreign bonds are also in default, and bondholders could then seek a court judgment to enforce payment.

In normal circumstances, investors and the defaulting government typically negotiate a settlement in which bondholders are given new bonds that are worth less but that at least give them some partial compensation.

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The chief of the European Union has proposed a phased-in oil embargo on Russia, as well as sanctions on its top bank and a ban of Russian broadcasters from European airwaves.

But sanctions bar dealings with Russia's finance ministry. And no one knows when the war will end or how much defaulted bonds could wind up being worth.

In this case, declaring default and suing "might not be the wisest choice," Auslander said. It's not possible to negotiate with Russia and there are so many unknowns, so creditors may decide to "hang tight for now."

Investors who wanted out of Russian debt have probably already headed for the exits, leaving those who may have bought bonds at knocked-down prices in hopes of profiting from a settlement in the long run. And they might want to keep a low profile for a while to avoid being associated with the war.

Once a country defaults, it can be cut off from bond-market borrowing until the default is sorted out and investors regain confidence in the government's ability and willingness to pay. But Russia has already been cut off from Western capital markets, so any return to borrowing is a long way off anyway.

The Kremlin can still borrow rubles at home, where it mostly relies on Russian banks to buy its bonds.

What would a formal default mean for Russia?

Western sanctions over the war have sent foreign companies fleeing from Russia and interrupted the country's trade and financial ties with the rest of the world. Default would be one more symptom of that isolation and disruption.

Weafer says a default would not affect the Russian economy right now because the country has not borrowed internationally in years amid sanctions and is making lots of money from exporting commodities like oil and natural gas.

But longer term, when the war has resolved and Russia tries to rebuild its economy, "this is where the legacy of default will be a problem. It's a bit like if an individual or if a company gets a bad credit score, it takes years to get over that," he said.

Investment analysts are cautiously reckoning that a Russia default would not have the kind of impact on global financial markets and institutions that came from an earlier default in 1998. Back then, Russia's default on domestic ruble bonds led the U.S. government to step in and get banks to bail out Long-Term Capital Management, a large U.S. hedge fund whose collapse, it was feared, could have shaken the wider financial and banking system.

Holders of the bonds for instance, funds that invest in emerging market bonds could take serious losses. Russia, however, played only a small role in emerging market bond indexes, limiting the losses to fund investors.

"The spillovers to the rest of the world should be limited," Peach said.

But a Russian default could have a ripple effect by adding pressure on global debt markets and making investors more risk averse and less willing to advance money, which "very well could lead to further defaults in other emerging markets," Weafer said.