B.C. researchers race to find the source of microplastics choking the world's oceans

Scientists are growing increasingly concerned about microplastics in water and in the food chain, but they face some daunting challenges in the race to uncoverthe sources of the problem.

"We're encountering a pollutant unlike any pollutant we've ever seen before," says Dr. Peter Ross, director of ocean pollution research at the Vancouver Aquarium. "This is not a chemical pollutant, it's a structural pollutant."

Recent samples his team have taken off the B.C. coast contained up to 25,000 plastic particles and fibres in just one cubic metre of water.

Yes, some of it comes from plastic bags, foam packaging,cigarette butts and other remnants of the millions of tonnes of plastic debris slowly breaking down in the world's oceans.

But there are some surprising sources, too, like laundry.

"A single sweater could release as much as 10,000 particles of microplastic fibres," said Ross.

"That's getting into the wastewater stream,and you have a million or two million people doing such laundry it adds up."

Sewage treatment plants may hold answers

But no one knows yet howwashing your favourite fleece jacket fits into the bigger picture.

To find out, Ross isworking with sewage treatment plants to measure the number and typesof fibres in the water coming in, and latersampling the treated water as it flows out into the FraserRiver to compare.

What they find could lead to changes in filtering techniques at treatment plants.

Water sampling is also being done out in the open ocean, revealing a mix of fibres and other microplastics, defined as anything smaller than five millimetres in size.

It's aglobal issue, so everyone has an interest in reducingthe amount of plastic being added tothe world's waterways. One estimate puts itat the equivalent of a garbage truckload every minute. At this rate, by 2050there will be more plastic in the ocean than fish.

• Microplasticsat 'alarming levels' in Canadian lakes and rivers
• Plastics dumped in world's oceans estimated at 8Mtonnesannually

To home in on the problem, technicians at the Vancouver Aquarium lab recently began usinga $325,000 infrared spectrometer like the kind usually found incrime labs.

It can identify the type of plastic from tiny samples.

'It's not going to give us the exact fingerprint," says Ross."It won't say 'Walmart fleece made in China,'but it will confirm it is plastic, give us the category, tell us about additives and sometimes actually a manufacturer."

MEC funding research

Vancouver-based Mountain Equipment Co-op has a long track record of trying to reduce the ecological footprint of its products.

Jeff Crook, MEC's chief product officer says microplastics are on the radar of a number of outdoor speciality retailers including MEC and Patagonia.

The co-operativesays it'sleading Canadian efforts on the retail side to look for solutions.

"We can work upstream with manufacturers, as we've done in different periods of our history, to change the way things are made, either the materials going into them or construction, manufacturing methods."

Interviewed at the company's product testing lab, Crooksaid the world's multibillion-dollar textile industry likely can reduce its microplastic impact, but thelack of research to date means there's not yet a clear sense of how to go about it.

To help find out, MEC is donating $50,000 to Ross's work on plastics. It's the first time the co-op has directly funded scientific research.

The federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans and various universities are also studying the issue.

'We don't know what the risk is'

It does seems as though textiles are a significant contributor to microplastics in the oceans.

At Vancouver Island University's Nanaimo campus, Dr. Sarah Dudas leads a team dissolving oyster guts in the name of science.

Her team harvested thousands of shellfish from multiple locations along the B.C. coast. They use chemicals to break down the organic materials, leaving behind microplastics, which are painstakingly filtered and counted.

We're finding fibres in almost every shellfish.- Sarah Dudas, Centre for Shellfish Research

"We're finding fibres in almost every shellfish," she says, holding up a piece of the filter paper she uses in her study.

When plankton and filter-feeding organisms ingest these plastics, it's a gateway into the food supply.

"We don't know what the risk is of microplastics from an ecosystem level or a human consumption level. We don't know a lot about how microplastics might affect food safety or food security," she says.

"We have our work cut out for us."

Vancouver Island oyster farmer Keith Reidputs about 12 million oysters onto dinner plates every year.

The owner ofOdyssey Shellfish says he'ssupportive of the research.

"It's something as an industry we need to know," he says. "Are there microplastics in our oysters? And if thereare, what levels are safe?"

• WATCH | Scientists study impact of microplastics on food chain