Some Canadian schools see China's Confucius Institute as a handy teaching tool. Others reject it as propaganda

After tying his sneakershoelace, Laur An-Yochim jumps back to his feet.

Gym is his favourite class, and the fifth-grader does not intend to miss a moment of physical literacy consultant Stacey Hannay's instructions.

"What is this in Mandarin?" Hannay asks, hopping around the basketball court inside Kildare School in Edmonton.

The students yell the answer, then move along to a game that involves finding hidden trinkets underneath rows of plastic cups, following directions shouted in English and Mandarin.

Kildare is one of 14 schools in the Edmonton Public School Board's jurisdiction that takes part in programming offered by the Confucius Institute. That includes Mandarin classesbut also other subjects taught in Mandarin, ranging from physical education to math.

The Institute is partly funded by China's Ministry of Education and offers programming at elementary and high schools, as well as colleges anduniversities across Canada. China provides annual funding to run the programs as well as Chinese instructors who are arepaid by China. In Edmonton's case, they work alongside the school's regular teachers to deliver language immersion programming.

Operates around the world

Much of Confucius Institute programming consists of classes inlanguage and aspects of Chinese culture, such as calligraphy. China says it helps operate more than 500 of them around the world. In Canada,eight colleges and universities andthree school boards have signed agreements with the organization.

Some critics, includingthe Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), accuse the Institute of political interference and censorship in some of its classes, but the EPSB says it hasn't experienced those problems and has had thousands of its students complete theprogram since it first struck an agreement with Beijing in 2007.

ForAn-Yochimand other students, the immersion program means his Mandarin is as smooth as his English. He switches effortlessly between the two and says knowing one of the world's most widely spoken languages has allowed him to connect with his grandparents when he visits China annually.

"They say every year, 'Wow, how are you this tall? Or, 'Your Chinese is really good this year,'" he said.

WATCH | Students at Kildare School in Edmonton test out their Mandarin:

'I could speak with my grandparents easier'

5 years ago

Duration 1:13

Students at Kildare School in Edmonton explain what they get out of the Manadarin classes offered by the Confucius Institute.

School board trusteesflown to China

The Edmonton school board insists it carefully reviews teaching materials and has no concerns about controversial subjects getting suppressed in class.

The boardreceives annualfundingfrom Chinato run the program, and 10 EPSB delegates flew thereto renew the deal last October at Beijing's expense.

"I needed to go to see what it is, what does this look like? Right? What is the value?" saidTrisha Estabrooks, the board's chairperson and a former CBC News journalist,who was part of the delegation, there for six days.

"I learned about the value that some of our principals in Edmonton Public see in having that partnership."

Estabrooksdoes not believeher independence as a trustee wascompromised by having the trip expenses covered byChina.

"Taxpayer dollars were not used," she said.

"I'd be concerned about the optics if Alberta taxpayer dollars were used to pay for my trip to China. I would not have gone on that trip."

Money not only concern, critics say

But Kathleen Lowrey, a cultural anthropologist at the University of Alberta, doesn't want her nine-year-old daughter anywhere near Confucius programs.

"We're inviting them into elementary schools that Canadian taxpayers have paid for," she said. "It's important to separate Chinese culture and language and civilization from the Chinese state."

Lowrey supports student exposure to Chinese culture, but she worries the country's government "has very different values from Canada." She citedthe example oftwo Canadian citizens Fan Wei and Robert Lloyd Schellenberg who weresentenced to death in China for drug offences.

Some schools that originally took on Confucius Institute programshave since severed their ties. In 2013,McMaster University in Hamilton ended its contract with the organizationafter a teacher, Sonia Zhao, left the Institute, citing discriminatory hiring practices over her membership in the Falun Gong religious group.

The Toronto District School Board dropped out of a partnership before it got off the ground five years ago.

At the time, Concordia and McGill universities in Montreal told CBC they were approached by China but never signed up. McGill cited a lack of safeguards to ensure its academic freedoms.

New Brunswick's Education Department, meanwhile, is opting out completely by 2022, calling the program "Chinese propaganda."

CSIS flags institute aspropaganda tool

A 2013intelligence report by CSIS warned that Chinese leaders identifiedConfucius as "an organization for spreading propaganda and building soft power" and spoke of a "perception that CIs do not allow discussion of topics that the Chinese government deems sensitive," such as the political situation in Tibet and Taiwan or the 1989 TiananmenSquare massacre.

Other foreign-governmentfunded institutions promoting culture and education operate in Canada, including Germany'sGoethe Institute,Spain's Cervantes Institute and the British Council, but CSIS placed the Confucius Institutein a different category.

"Unlike the British Council, whose charter ensures that it is free from political interference, the CIs are closely linked to the Chinese part state," the report said.

In 2014, the director of the Confucius Institute in Quebec told CBC she was visited by CSIS agents shortly after setting up shop in Montreal, and they only left her alone after she threatened to file a human-rights complaint.

Various levels of transparency

Determining exactly what kind of contracts are in place betweenCanadian schools and the Confucius Institutecan betricky.

CBC News reached out to eighthigher-education institutions to find out about their agreements with China. Four of them didn't respond:

• Dawson College in Montreal.
• Seneca College in Toronto.
• Carleton University.
• Brock University in St. Catharines, Ontario.

The University of Waterloo, the University of Saskatchewan, the University of Regina and Halifax's St. Mary's University disclosed that they renewed their contracts in 2016but only Waterloo and the Saskatchewan schools provided copies to CBC News. St. Mary's asked CBCto fillout a freedom of information request.

The Coquitlam School District in British Columbia and the Edmonton Public School Board provided copies of their agreements. The two boards' contractsspecify that China's role will include providing a set amount of annual funding but don't spell out anamount other than a one-time "start-up" contribution of$150,000 in Coquitlam's case.

Pay or set limits, ex-diplomat says

If Canadian educational institutions have to accept foreign funding, theyshould control the curriculum, saidGordon Houlden, a former diplomat with the Canadian government who has workedin Hong Kong and Beijing.

"If there isn't enough money available, it's very hard sometimes ... to say no," said Houlden, who now heads the China Institute at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, which is mostly funded by the province and receives no money from China.

Houlden says young Canadians should continue learning about an important economic powerlike China, but the funding for any such education programs should come fromlocal governments orschool boards.

"The 21st century will be, in my view, dominated by Asia," he said.

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