Quebec just killed its school boards after 175 years, but will students benefit?

Quebec's education systemis about to undergo a historic change. Since 1845, school boards have overseen the education of millions of elementaryand secondary school students in the province.

But no more, thanks to legislation that was rushed into lawover the weekend.

The law, tabled in thefall as Bill 40, is already the subject ofwidespread criticism. It's been panned by everyone from teachers to the school boards themselves, from municipalities to all threeopposition parties.

So what's all the fuss about?

One big sticking point is how the Coalition Avenir Qubec government went about drafting and then passing the law.

It's an incredibly complicated piece of legislation. The original bill contained more than 300 sections and modified about 80 existing laws.

Along with abolishing school boards, the lawalso abolishes school board-level elections for the administration offrancophone schools(but not English-language ones), alters working conditions for teachers, forces cities and townsto accommodatethe real-estate needs of schools, and changeswhere parents can send their children to school.

In fact, many major stakeholders,including the mayor of Montreal, are still discovering what's in the new law.

That's because the government tabled several hundred pages of amendments last week and then promptly shut down debate in the National Assembly, using a legislative tool called closure to force a vote on the bill.

The government's critics say this was undemocratic, andfurthermore, that there was no need to rush the changes through.

But beyond the way thatthe bill was passed, the changes themselves are the source of muchcontroversy.

Let's single out one issue to illustrate what's at stake.

That decentralization sensation

Over the past 40 years, successive governments in Quebec have tried to limit the responsibilitiesof school boards, in the hopethat decentralizing power wouldimprove the quality of education in public schools.

The assumption was that schools were better placed than school boards to listen to the needs of studentsand so should have more autonomy.

As part of that effort, the government eventually created governing boards for each school in the province, offsettingthe power of school boards.

Education Minister Jean-Franois Robergehas been pitching his reforms as a way of further decentralizing the school system.

On the one hand, it does away with school boards altogether, replacing them with service centres. These will no longer be run by elected school-board commissioners, but by an unpaid board of directors

(Anglophones,however,will get to elect the directors of their service centres, but that's a whole other controversy).

The idea is for service centres torespond to demands made by schools, facilitating their access to resources, as opposed to allocating the resources themselves, as school boards did.

Roberge's law also increases the power of school governing boards, giving added sway to the parents who sit on them. In some cases students will also be able to sit on the governing boards.

"Students will soon be able to count on local school governance that is less bureaucraticand, above all, centred on their needs and success," Roberge said in a news release after Bill 40 was passed in the wee hours of Saturday morning.

Is that the right way to go?

But many of those who work in the education system say Roberge'snew lawwill actually have the opposite effect: it will increase centralization, handing more power to theminister.

Given that they were run by elected officials, school boards could claim a fair degree of legitimacy to challenge decisions made by the provincial government.

Schools boards, for example, have been among the leading voices challengingthe secularism law, which bars public school teachers and principals from wearing religious symbols while at work.

"It's hyper-centralizing," saidAlain Fortier, head of Quebec's federation of school boards (FCSQ).

There is also evidence that school boards may have helped, not hindered, the education of Quebec students.

A group of experts hired by the Quebecgovernment produced a report in 2014 that recommended againstabolishing school boards and their elected positions.

The expertsfound that students ineducation systems that had intermediary bodies like school boards tended to perform better.

While acknowledging Quebec's system was heavy on the bureaucracy, they concluded there waswas no need for a major overhaul.

In summarizing its findings, the expert committee said it came away with "a generally positive view of the performance of the Quebec school system: graduation rates are improving and dropouts are decreasing."

Who gets to say, 'I told you so?'

The CAQ government has made a big gamble by doing away with an institution that pre-dates Confederation, and by doing so in such a hasty manner.

In pre-emptively shutting down debate on Bill 40, the government sent the message that it didn't need any more advice; it alone knowsthe best way forward.

The government may be proved right in the end. But if things go wrong in the meantime, there are plenty of people in the education system who won't hesitate to say, "We told you so."

Watch as CBC's Cathy SenayexplainsBill 40:

Quebec's Bill 40 explained

5 years ago

Duration 2:30

CBC's Cathy Senay answers questions about Quebec's new education-reform law.