The North's 'apex predator' threatened by receding sea ice in the Beaufort Sea, study says

Recedingsea ice meanspolar bears in the Beaufort Sea struggle to capture enough food and go hungry right when they should be fattening up for the summer.

A newly released study examinesthe foraging habits and feeding requirements of the Arctic's greatest predator, which are difficult to study.

"High-energy, high-fat lifestyle challenges an Arctic apex predator, the polar bear" was publishedThursday in the Feb. 2 issue of the journal Science.

"Basically, [the]bears are having less opportunities to catch seals and they'reexhibiting greater movement patterns than they had historically, and that's influencing their survival rates and their reproductive success," said AnthonyPagano, the study's lead author and a research wildlife biologist with the U.S. Geological Survey based in Anchorage, Alaska.

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The movement of nine bears was tracked by human observation andGPS tracking collars as they huntedfor food across hundreds of kilometres of Beaufort Sea ice offshore Prudhoe Bay, Alaska.

The study was carried out over eight to 11 days eachAprilin 2014, 2015 and2016, and included blood chemistry analysis to determine the basic metabolic needs of the polar bears.

"One of the reasons we started this research is because there just is not much known about the basic behaviours of these animals," Pagano said.

Pagano said much of the foundational work in understanding the basic foraging habits and behaviour of polar bears is based on work done about 40 years ago.

Basically, this is the first time the biology, movement, foraging habits,hunting successand feeding demandsof a group of Beaufort Sea polar bears has been studied this intensely.

Researchers discovered the polar bears have a higher metabolic rate than previously assumed up to 1.6 times higher meaning the animals require up to 1.6times the food energy than previously understood, just to maintain body weight.

The higher metabolic rate, coupled with the fact that the bears studied now travel hundreds of kilometres further to hunt as sea ice recedes,means the bears are burning even more energy to catch fewer "energetically dense" ring seals.

"With the data from this study we can start to quantify what that means for the energy expenditure and how many seals they need to be catching."

The report estimates that a solitary female polar bear on spring ice would "need to eat one adult ringed seal, three subadult ringed sealsor 19 newborn ringed sealsevery 10 to 12 days."

An adult ring seal can weigh up to 70 kilograms, according to the website sealingnunavut.ca.

Pagano said the working assumption is that as the ice recedes and the bears movefurther North following receding ice, they will move over deep water that isless conducive to seal hunting.

Of the nine bears observed, four were successful hunters. Five were not.

"Some bears were able to catch seals and put on a lot of mass and fat," Pagano said. "These [other] bears that were scavenging or fasting were losing quite a bit of mass."

Pagano said unsuccessful hunters lost about 10 per cent of their body mass 18 to 20 kilograms over an eightto 10 day periodduring the study.

"It really highlights the reliance these bears have on catching seals, and the reliance they have on their fat stores when they're not able to catch seals.

"The basic concern is polar bears put on a majority of their body fat in the late spring and early summer when they're concentrating on recently weaned seal pups," Pagano said.

Receding sea ice only threatens to compound the problem as polar bears move northward over deeper water that's less conducive to hunting seal.

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Regional results may vary

Pagano said it would be hard to say how widely these results might apply across the Beaufort Sea.

"How activity patterns and forging success rates might vary between regions and times of year is hard to speculate."

Other researchers have shown declining polar bear populations across the Beaufort Sea region, but this studywasn't meant to address questions of overall polar bear decline in the North.

"For this study we're not looking at trends," Pagano said.

"There's no information here or documentation of how our results may relate to historical patterns simply because there isn't any information, as far as we're aware, of what the activity levels were of these bears historically."

But the report does conclude with one seemingly inescapable conclusion for polar bears facing the same situation as those studied.

[The sea ice] used to be solid frozen all year long but it's not like that anymore. It keeps opening up, the ice breaks up and piles up.-RobertKuptana

"These increases in movement rates and potential loss of opportunities to catch seals is going to result in a energetic imbalance for these animals, and ultimately influence their ability to provide for their cubs ... reduce cub survival and ultimately lead to population decline," Pagano said.

Inuit experience

Nobody has more history and experience with polar bears in the Beaufort Sea than the North's Indigenous people.

The study wasn't meant toaddress historical or traditional Indigenous knowledge, but the conclusion doesn't come as a surprise to Robert Kuptana,an Inuit elder in the region.

Kuptana, 75, was born in an Igloo almost 100 kilometres north of Ulukhaktok, N.W.T., on the eastern shores of the Beaufort Sea on Victoria Island.

He has been hunting polar bears as part his community's subsistence hunting lifestyle since he was 13, and considers 1964 as his best hunting year ever because that's when he killed 16 polar bears.

The sea ice is "not like it used to be," he said, adding he's observed fewer polar bears in the region and has to travel further to find them.

"Polar bears, they follow where the animals are, such as seals," he said. "They also go further north probably because of a depletion of ice."

"[The sea ice] used to be solid frozen all year long but it's not like that anymore. It keeps opening up, the ice breaks up and piles up."

He says it's become difficult to hunt for bears, and when hunters do make it outthey see fewer bears while travelling further to try andfind them.

"Now and then we go [to] Wynniatt Bay. There it seems like more polar bears have their young ones there where there is more solid ice."

Wynniatt Bay is on the north end of Victoria Island, over 300 kilometres from Ulukhaktok.

Kuptana saidthe polar bears he sees today look as healthy as ever, although he does see fewer of them.

But he adds that his people have always travelled far to hunt, and the observability of polar bears from year-to-year has never been consistent.

He said Inuit traditional knowledge used to guide the hunt is something scientists may at times overlook.

However,he doesn't doubt climate change and receding ice will have an negative impact on the polar bear because ofwhat he says should be an obvious reason.

"His home is in the ice and snow."

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