History written in stone: Tours offer glimpse of Mi'kmaw petroglyphs
Kejimkujik National Park is home to one of eastern North Americas largest collections of petroglyphs
On the shoreline of Kejimkujik Lake not far fromMerrymakedgeBeach,Jonathan Oicklecrouches over a large outcropping of slate rock.
He dampens the smooth slate to accentuatea detailed engraving of a woman's peaked cap, one of more than500carvings etched instone by the Mi'kmaqcenturies ago on the lakeshores of Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site.Some of the oldest petroglyphs in the park are estimated to be 800 to 1,000years old.
"These are essentially the history books of the Mi'kmaw people," saidOickle, a Parks Canada interpreterleading a guided tour of a site that's part of one of eastern North America's largest collections of petroglyphs.
A member of theWasoqopa'q (Acadia) First Nation, Oickleis back for his second summer at the national parkin southwestern Nova Scotia.He said he relishes the opportunity to share his culture with visitors from around the world.
Keeping the history alive
"They didn't have a written language before European contact, so their way of telling stories and their history was on these rocks with the petroglyphs," Oickle said. "That's why it's so important that we try and learn from these petroglyphs."
When Keji was designated as a National Historic Site in 1995, amonument in the shape of the peaked cap was built near the parking lot close to the Merrymakedge site. It commemorates the designation and the cultural significance of the petroglyphs. It's also the starting point of the tour, which offers park visitors theironly access to the restricted area.
"It's very important to kind of keep that history going for our next generations and our generation," said Oickle. "That's the way history gets passed along and stories get passed down."
Mi'kmawpetroglyphsand their stories
TheMerrymakedgepetroglyph site isone of four on the shores of Kejimkujik Lake and George Lake, but it's the only one open to the publicby way of the guided tour.When water levels are high, the petroglyphs are hidden.
About a five-minute walk through the woods from the monument is a seating area where visitors must remove their footwear. The slate is very soft, and rocks that could get stuck in the sole of someone's shoe might scrape the top of the slate and damagethe petroglyphs, said Oickle.
Some of the images at this site portraycaribou, European ships and a compass pointing inthe four cardinal directions.
One of the largest reflects the peaked cap, which was traditionally made out of birchbark. Mi'kmawwomen would use small flakes of stone, Oickle explained, to carve in detail by peeling off the first layer of bark.Within the capis a feather representing wisdom.
"This could have been a knowledge keeper or an elder woman who had lots of, lots of knowledge," he said.
"Essentially what we're looking at right here is a portrait of a woman from hundreds of years ago that was drawn onto this rock and perhaps to go along with her knowledge, is the reason why the petroglyph is so big, because this is actually the biggest peaked cap in Kejimkujik."
It's difficult to date the petroglyphs, Oickle said. The carvings of the ships could have coincided with contact with Europeans around the 18th or 19th centuries.
Mother Nature takes toll
Many of the images have faded over time. When the lakes freezeover in winter, ice can scrape acrossthe slate, causing wear on the petroglyphs.
Graffitialso defacesthe rock.
"It wasn't always a protected site like it is today," Oickle pointed out.
Buoys now float in the water along the perimeter of the site, preventing paddlers from coming onto the shore.
"You can see some really sharp lines every once in a while," he said. "Those are actually from canoes and kayaks coming up and scraping across the top of the rock."
Even today, it's not knownprecisely what storiesthe Mi'kmaqweretrying toconveyin their etchings, he said.
"We just kind of make the best conclusion that we can by the details and knowledge that we do have in the culture. Everybody's interpretation of each petroglyph could be completely different and be completely right at the same time."
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