'Otherworldly' Portuguese man-of-war becoming more common on Nova Scotia's inshore

With a little help from the warming Gulf Stream, Nova Scotia beachgoers are encountering a strange creature with a balloon-like body whose sting packs a bigger punch than that of jellyfish.

Last week, a Portuguese man-of-war appeared at a surfing hot spot on Lawrencetown Beach near Dartmouth, N.S. The animal, a species of siphonophore closely related to jellyfish has a transparent, inflated sail often adorned with purple, blue or pink markings. It drifts through the water, propelled by currents and wind.

Although there are no concrete numbers on how often the Portuguese man-of-war is spotted in Nova Scotia, Sandra Johnston, with the province's Natural Resources Department, said sightings have become more common along Eastern Shore and South Shore beaches since 2020.

"(Getting stung) is quite a painful sting. It is just like a jellyfish sting but significantly stronger that lasts around 20 minutes," Johnston said in an interview.

Boris Worm, a biology professor at Dalhousie University in Halifax who studies marine conservation and biodiversity, called the subtropical creature "absolutely fascinating and otherworldly."

Worm said the rise in Portuguese man-of-war sightings in Nova Scotia is likely because the Gulf Stream a channel of warm water that flows up the eastern coast of North America has become stronger in the northwest Atlantic Ocean and has warmed the southern shore of Nova Scotia faster than it has other parts of the ocean.

The Portuguese man-of-war lives in subtropical gyres revolving masses of water that have become home to lots of different organisms. As the Gulf Stream's influence gets stronger, tropical and subtropical creatures are being transported further away, all the way to Nova Scotia's inshore.

While other jellyfish-related species tend to live in deeper water, the Portuguese man-of-war drifts closer to the surface. Its tentacles usually extend a few metres behind it in extreme cases they can be as long as 30 metres and Worm said their length increases the risk of contact with swimmers.

"You could swim without ever seeing the sail or the organisms that could be some 10, 20 or 50 feet away, but the tentacles might still drift behind and sting you," Worm said.

Other tropical fish making appearances in Nova Scotia from warming waters include butterfly fish, triggerfish and seahorses.

Neither Nova Scotia Parks nor the Nova Scotia Lifeguard Service tracks Portuguese man-of-war sightings; Nova Scotia Parks said it issues advisories online and on-site when the creature is spotted. Nova Scotia Health says hospital visits aren't tracked by cause, so there's no way to know how many people seek care for Portuguese man-of-war stings each year.

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Jill Duncan of the Atlantic Canada Poison Centre said the low likelihood of serious injury from these stings further obscures how many people are stung each year.

"The most common thing that happens when you get stung is pain and red welts in the area that you're stung," Duncan said in an interview.

"It's uncommon to go into a hospital and even (more) uncommon for there to be serious effects and death."

Contrary to the old wives' talethat urine is an effective antidote to a jellyfish sting, Duncan said, the best treatment after contact with a Portuguese man-of-war is to rinse the wound with salt water and submerge it in warm water afterward.