Ontario makes controversial change on how to help overdose victims

The Ontario government is making a controversial change in the fight against opioidoverdosesby asking bystanders to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation to victims, CBC News has learned.

The move is stirring up an ongoing debate in the medical community aboutwhether rescue breathing helps or harms overdose victims.

The danger of not doing rescue breathing is that somebody will die.- Pierre Poirier,Paramedic Association of Canada's executive director

The Paramedic Association of Canada's executive director, Pierre Poirier, pushed for the changethrough his work on Ontario's opioid emergency task force.

During an opioid overdose the brain nolonger reminds the victimto breathe, and in some casestheirtongue also falls back and blockstheir throat,Poirier said.

Without mouth-to-mouthresuscitation, overdose patients could be at risk of brain damage or worse because of a lack of oxygen, he said.

"The danger of not doing rescue breathing is that somebody will die," said Poirier.

'We don't actually know if rescue breathing helps'

However, not all experts agree.

Researcher and emergency physician Dr. Aaron Orkin saidscience shows rescue breathing is difficult to perform properly and mayget in the way of amore effective option: chest compressions.

"We don't actually know if rescue breathing helps," said Orkin, who works at Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto.

"Withholding chest compressions in someone who has no signs of life is withholding their only chance of survival."

Mouth barriers soon to be included in overdose kits

Ontario faced a spike in opioid-related deathsfor much of last year. There were 1,053 fatalitiesfrom January to October 2017, compared to694 during the same time period in 2016.

Until now, the governmentadvised bystanders to follow the same model as the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada: perform chest compressions before giving naloxone.

The Ministry of Health confirmed to CBC Newsit's changing thoserecommendations after consulting with the opioid emergency task force, whichincludes public health officials,first responders, harm reduction workers and opioid users.

New instructions will be included in all publicly funded naloxone kits in the next couple of weeks, advising people who come acrosssuspected opioid overdose victims togive them naloxone, then perform rescue breathing and/or chest compressions.

The kits will also include a plastic mouth barrier so people are less hesitant to perform rescue breathing.

Health units and pharmacies will also provide training on the new changes.

Poirier told the task force thatopioid overdoses are abreathing problem, not a heart problem.

"Chest compressions are really directed toward somebody who is having a cardiac event," said Poirier. "That would be an obese 50-year-old male who has cardiac disease."

'You may actually have a brain death,' says Pierre Poirier

7 years ago

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'You may actually have a brain death,' says Pierre Poirier

Opioid deaths involve cardiac arrest

Orkin saidthe vast majority of people dying of opioid overdoses in Ontario often havecomplex health issues, including heart or lung problems andchronic diseases, and that cardiac arrest is a factor in opioid overdoses.

"You simply cannot die from opioid overdose without going into cardiac arrest," Orkin said.

You simply cannot die from opioid overdose without going into cardiac arrest.- Dr. Aaron Orkin, emergency physician at Mount Sinai Hospital

Orkin works extensively with people who use drugs in shelters and was part of theInternational Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. That extensive review of research led to the development of guidelines adopted by groups including the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada.

Available evidence shows that whenever a person is unresponsive, whether due to anopioid overdose or something else, the most important intervention is chest compressions, Orkin said.

He would never tell someone not to performrescue breathing, but does say it's difficult to perform properly,even for experts such ashimself. It's best to keep the steps as simple as possible for untrained bystanders or they might freeze, he said.

"Expecting the general public to take on [rescue breathing] in order to address an epidemic that is sweeping across our communities, is I think really quite an overwhelming challenge," Orkin said.

Rescue breathing is one of the hardest things I do as an emergency physician,' says Dr. Aaron Orkin

7 years ago

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Rescue breathing is one of the hardest things I do as an emergency physician,' says Dr. Aaron Orkin

Push for Ontario to adopt B.C. model

The Paramedic Association of Canada said Ontario's new recommendationsdon't go far enough.It's asking the province to go a step further and learn from British Columbia the epicentre of the opioid crisis.

The BCCentre for Disease Control recommends opening the victim's airway and giving a rescue breath every five seconds, even before administering naloxone.

Michael Nolan, chief of the County of RenfrewParamedic Service, said histeam is already teachingfamilies of known drug users in his community to performrescue breathing first.

He wants Ontario to follow suit over concerns that while bystanders wait for the naloxone to reverse a victim's breathlessness, there could be brain damage.

"Those are precious seconds and, in many cases, minutes where the person is still going without the oxygen they need," said Nolan. "By not providing them rescue breathing in advance of the [naloxone] or in combination, they may well go for minutes without oxygen circulating to their brain."

In an emailed statement, Ministry of HealthspokespersonDavid Jensen wrote that naloxoneshould be provided before rescue breathingbecause some people can't provide rescue breathing, and because naloxonereverses overdoses.

"There is, in the ministry's view, evidence to show that responding bystanders (who are not paramedics) may not be capable or willing to provide resuscitation in an opioid overdose situation," Jensen wrote.

"Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that can reverse an opioid overdose. It is important that someone experiencing an opioid overdose in the community receive naloxone as quickly as possible."