What's behind the carbon tax, and does it work?

With the federal government under pressure to freeze its planned increase to the carbon tax, policy experts are calling for a clear-eyed debate over the legislation and its role in the country's climate goals.

Conservative Leader Pierre Poilievre, along with seven premiers, have called for the scheduled April 1 hike to be scrapped, saying it will only make inflation worse. The Tories threatened a non-confidence vote against the government over the issue, which failed on Thursday.

Here's a look at how the policy is supposed to work and to what extent it is effective.

How much is the tax going up?

The carbon tax, also known as a price on carbon, cameinto effect at $20 per tonne in 2019. It has steadily climbed in the years since and is scheduled to rise from $65 per tonne to $80 on April 1.

It is scheduled to go up another $15 each year until 2030, when it reaches $170 a tonne. The gradual increases aremeant to act as a financial incentive for people and businesses to change their behaviour to burn less fossil fuels and transition to greener forms of energy.

For instance, a homeowner would be compelled to retrofit their home to save on heating, install a heat pump, or switch from a gas-powered vehicle to an electric.

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The federal government is pushing back against opposition to the carbon tax increase, including from Conservative Leader Pierre Poilievre. Minister of Energy and Natural Resources Jonathan Wilkinson discusses the benefits to Canadians and why Ottawa believes this is the best way to put a price on pollution.

The current carbon price isn't high enough to have much of an effect on consumer behaviour, but as the levy rises the incentives to use less fossil fuels will grow, says Christopher Ragan, the director of the Max Bell School of Public Policy at McGill University.

"We shouldn't be thinking about this over a few months or even a few years we should be thinking about this policy over the longer term," said Ragan, who is also the former chair of the Ecofiscal Commission, a group of experts that advocated for a carbon tax.

The April 1 increase will only amount to about three cents more per litre of gasoline. By 2030, though, the price on carbon would add nearly 40 cents per litre. Ragan says the scheduled increases should be maintained, to allow businesses to plan their costs and make decisions accordingly.

"You want, especially businesses who are planning for the future, you want them to have some certainty about where the carbon price is going," he said.

Where does it apply in Canada?

The carbon tax applies to residents in Newfoundland and Labrador, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Yukon and Nunavut.

Ninety per cent of the government revenues are returned to households in those provinces through a quarterly rebate program, with households receiving a quarterly payment based on family size.

The other 10 per cent is to help grant recipients, such as businesses and schools, reduce their fossil fuel consumption.

B.C., Quebec and the Northwest Territories have their own carbon-pricing mechanisms that meet federal standards so they aren't part of the federal taxor rebates.

Seven premiershave called for Prime Minister Justin Trudeau to pause or cancel the coming carbon tax increase to consumers, citing cost of living concerns.

Saskatchewan has gone farther, saying it won't remit the carbon tax levied on natural gas to the federal government after Ottawa carved out an exemption for home heating oil.

Does it reduceemissions?

Research suggests putting a price on carbon can play a role but is only a small part of what's required to help Canada meet its climate targets.

"The Liberals have pointed to this as the flagship climate policy, and I think that's wrong," said Jessica Green, a political science professor at the University of Toronto who researched carbon pricing.

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As the Liberals survive a Conservative non-confidence vote to topple the government over the carbon tax, a new report from the Canadian Climate Institute shows that the price on carbon is actually working to reduce emissions.

"The evidence indicates that is not correct, that if we are going to decarbonize, we need different tools."

Green says the federal government must stop underwriting the fossil fuel industry "with billions of dollars in subsidies,which makes emissions less expensive."

There aretwo systems for pricing carbon in Canada: the fuel charge applied to consumers, and another system applied to industrial emitters.

The federal government has estimated that all carbon pricing will account forup to one-third of Canada's emissions reductions in 2030.

Most of that one-third will come from the industrial pricing, which is far more effectiveaccording to a new study by the Canadian Climate Institute.

The researchers found that the carbon pricing applied to big industrial polluters will cut between 53 million and 90 million tonnes by 2030, while the pricing on consumers will cut between 19 million and 22 million tonnes.

But another recent studyfound that relying only on carbon pricing "will not be sufficient" to limit global warming to between 1.5 C and 2 C by 2100, the goal set by the Paris climate accord.

Those researchers recommended stricter regulations and incentives to, for instance, decarbonize transportation systems by expanding the use of electric vehicles and encouraging building retrofits.

"Carbon pricing is simply one tool on the board and it can't be the only thing that we do," said Neal Wilcott, an assistant professor of finance at Memorial University of Newfoundland and one of the authors of the report.

What about the rebate?

From the outset, the federal government said thecarbon tax would be "revenue neutral," meaning all the money would be returned to the province where it was collected.

But it has struggled to make that point clear to individuals worried about high prices.

Last month, the Liberals rebranded the quarterly payments households receive as the "Canada Carbon Rebate." It was previously known as the "Climate Action Incentive Payment."

And while critics maintain the carbon tax is an unfair financial burden on Canadians, research has shownthat such pricingis not a significant driver in the rising cost of living.

Eight Canadian environmental organizations sent an open letter this week calling out politicians for "shamelessly exploiting Canadians' very real economic pain for political gain."

"Climate policies have nothing to do with the hardships Canadians are facing, yet these politicians are ignoring the real causes of the cost of living crisis and scapegoating carbon pricing," the letter said.