Phil Spector, convicted murderer and revolutionary music producer, dies at 81

Phil Spector, the revolutionary music producer who transformedrock 'n' roll with his "Wall of Sound" method and who later was convicted of murder, has died. He was 81.

California state prison officials said he died Saturday of natural causes at a hospital.

Spector was convicted of murdering actressLana Clarkson in 2003 at his castle-like mansion on the edge of Los Angeles. After a trial in 2009, he was sentenced to 19 years to life in prison.

Clarkson, star of Barbarian Queenand other B-movies, was found shot to death in the foyer of Spector's mansion in the hills overlooking Alhambra, a modest suburban town on the edge of Los Angeles.

Until her death, which Spector maintained was an "accidental suicide," few residents even knew the mansion belonged to the reclusive producer, who spent his remaining years in a prison hospital east of Stockton, Calif.

Decades before, Spector had been hailed as a visionary for channelling Wagnerian ambition into the three-minute song, creating the "Wall of Sound" that merged spirited vocal harmonies with lavish orchestral arrangements to produce such pop monuments as Da Doo Ron Ron,Be My Babyand He's a Rebel.

He was the rare self-conscious artist in rock's early years and cultivated an image of mystery and power with his dark shades and impassive expression.

Tom Wolfe declared him the "first tycoon of teen." Bruce Springsteen and Brian Wilson openly replicated his grandiose recording techniques and wide-eyed romanticism, and John Lennon called him "the greatest record producer ever."

The secret to his sound: an overdubbed onslaught of instruments, vocals and sound effects that changed the way pop records were recorded. He called the result"Little symphonies for the kids."

Worked with Beatles, Lennon

By his mid-20s his "little symphonies" had resulted in nearly two dozen hit singles and made him a millionaire. You've Lost That Lovin' Feeling,the operatic Righteous Brothers ballad thattopped the charts in 1965, has been tabulated as the song most played on radio and television counting the many cover versions in the 20th century.

But thanks in part to the arrival of the Beatles, his chart success would soon fade. When River Deep-Mountain High,an aptly-named 1966 release that featured Tina Turner, failed to catch on, Spector shut down his record label and withdrew from the business for three years. He would go on to produce the Beatles and Lennon, among others, but he was now serving the artistsinstead of the other way around.

In 1969, Spector was called in to salvage the Beatles' Let It Bealbum, a troubled "back to basics" production marked by dissension within the band. Although Lennon praised Spector's work, bandmate Paul McCartney was enraged, especially when Spector added strings and a choir to McCartney's The Long and Winding Road.Years later, McCartney would oversee a remastered Let it Be,removing Spector's contributions.

• Rear View Mirror: The Secrets Behind Spector's Wall of Sound

A documentary of the making of Lennon's 1971 Imaginealbum showed the ex-Beatle clearly in charge, prodding Spector over a backing vocal, a line none of Spector's early artists would have dared cross.

Spector worked on George Harrison's acclaimed post-Beatles triple album, All Things Must Pass,co-produced Lennon's Imagineand the less successful Some Time in New York City,which included Spector's picture over a caption that read, "To Know Him is to Love Him."

Cameo in Easy Rider

Spector also had a memorable film role, a cameo as a drug dealer in Easy Rider.The producer himself was played by Al Pacino in a 2013 HBO movie.

The volume, and violence, of Spector's music reflected a dark side he could barely contain even at his peak. He was imperious, temperamental and dangerous, remembered bitterly by Darlene Love, Ronnie Spector and others who worked with him.

Years of stories of his waving guns at recording artists in the studio and threatening women would come back to haunt him after Clarkson's death.

According to witnesses, she had agreed, somewhat reluctantly, to accompany him home from the Sunset Strip's House of Blues in West Hollywood, where she worked. Shortly after their arrival in Alhambra in the pre-dawn hours of Feb. 3, 2003, a chauffeur reported Spector came out of the house holding a gun, blood on his hands, and told him, "I think I killed somebody."

He would later tell friends Clarkson had shot herself. The case was fraught with mystery, and it took authorities a year to file charges. In the meantime, Spector remained free on $1 million bail.

When he was finally indicted for murder, he lashed out at authorities, angrily telling reporters: "The actions of the Hitler-like DA and his storm trooper henchmen are reprehensible, unconscionable and despicable."

As a defendant, his eccentricity took centre stage. He would arrive in court for pretrial hearings in theatrical outfits, usually featuring high-heeled boots, frock coats and wildly styled wigs. He arrived at one hearing in a chauffeur-driven stretch Hummer.

Once the 2007 trial began, however, he toned down his attire. It ended in a 10-2 deadlock leaning toward conviction. His defence had argued that the actress, despondent about her fading career, shot herself through the mouth. A retrial got underway in October 2008.

Born in the Bronx

Harvey Phillip Spector, in his mid-60s when he was charged with murder, was born on Dec. 26, 1939, in New York City's Bronx borough. Bernard Spector, his father, was an ironworker. His mother, Bertha, was a seamstress. In 1947, Spector's father committed suicide because of family indebtedness, an event that would shape his son's life in many ways.

Four years later, Spector's mother moved the family to Los Angeles, where he attended Fairfax High School, located in a largely Jewish neighbourhood on the edge of Hollywood. For decades the school has been a source of future musical talent. At Fairfax, Spector performed in talent shows and formed a group called the Teddy Bears with friends.

He was reserved and insecure, but his musical abilities were obvious. He had perfect pitch and easily learned to play several instruments. He was just 17 when his group recorded its first hit single, a romantic ballad written and produced by Spector that would become a pop classic: To Know Him is to Love Him,was inspired by the inscription on his father's tombstone.

Co-wrote hit song Spanish Harlem

A short, skinny kid with big dreams and growing demons, Spector went on to attend the University of California, Los Angeles for a year before dropping out to return to New York. He briefly considered becoming a French interpreter at the United Nations before falling in with the musicians at New York's celebrated Brill Building. The Broadway edifice was then at the heart of popular music's Tin Pan Alley, where writers, composers, singers and musicians turned out hit songs.

He began working with star composers Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller, who had met at Fairfax High a few years before Spector arrived. Ultimately, he found his niche in producing. During this period he also co-wrote the hit songSpanish Harlemwith Ben E. King, and played lead guitar on the Drifters' On Broadway.

"I had come back to New York from California where there were all these green lawns and trees, and there was just this poverty and decay in Harlem," he would recall later. "The song was an expression of hope and faith in the young people of Harlem ... that there would be better times ahead."

Helped with Sonny and Cher's careers

For a time he had his own production company, Philles Records, with partner Lester Silles, where he developed his signature sound. He assembled such respected studio musicians as arranger Jack Nitzsche, guitarist Tommy Tedesco, pianist Leon Russell and drummer Hal Blaine, and gave early breaks to Glen Campbell, Sonny Bono and Bono's future wife, Cher.

In the early 1960s, he had hit after hit and one notable flop: the album A Christmas Gift to You, released, tragically, on Nov. 22, 1963, the day John F. Kennedy was assassinated, the worst possible time for such a joyous record. A Christmas Gift,featuring the Ronettes singing Frosty the Snowmanand Love's version of White Christmas,is now considered a classic and a perennial radio favourite during the holiday season.

Spector's domestic life, along with his career, eventually came apart. After his first marriage, to Annette Merar, broke up, Ronettes leader singer Ronnie Bennett became his girlfriend and muse. He married her in 1968 and they adopted three children. But she divorced him after six years, claiming in a memoir that he held her prisoner in their mansion, where she said he kept a gold coffin in the basement and told her he would kill her and put her in it if she ever tried to leave him.

When the Ronettes were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2007, Spector sent along his congratulations. But in an acceptance speech by his ex-wife, she never mentioned him while thanking numerous other people.

Darlene Love also feuded with him, accusing Spector of failing to credit her for her vocals on He's a Rebeland other songs, but she did praise him when inducted into the Hall.

Spector himself became a Hall member in 1989. As his marriages deteriorated, recording artists also began to quit working with Spector and musical styles passed him by.

Largely retreated from music business

He preferred singles to albums, calling the latter, "Two hits and 10 pieces of junk." He initially refused to record his music in multi-channel stereo, claiming the process damaged the sound. A Spector box set retrospective was called Back to Mono.

By the mid-1970s, Spector had largely retreated from the music business. He would emerge occasionally to work on special projects, including Leonard Cohen's album, Death of a Ladies' Manand The Ramones' End of the Century.Both were marred by reports of Spector's instability.

In 1973, Lennon worked on an album of rock `n roll oldies with Spector, only to have Spector disappear with the tapes. The finished work, Rock `n' Roll,didn't come out until 1975.

Lost son to leukemia

In 1982 Spector married Janis Lynn Zavala and the couple had twins, Nicole and Phillip Jr. The boy died at age 10 of leukemia.

Six months before his first murder trial began, Spector married Rachelle Short, a 26-year-old singer and actress who accompanied him to court every day. He filed for divorce in 2016.

In a 2005 court deposition, he testified that he had been on medication for manic depression for eight years.

"No sleep, depression, mood changes, mood swings, hard to live with, hard to concentrate, just hard a hard time getting through life," he said. "I've been called a genius and I think a genius is not there all the time and has borderline insanity."