Round 1: Canada stakes out ground as historic NAFTA rewrite begins

After months of heated rhetoric and diplomatic groundwork, talks to overhaul the North American Free Trade Agreement willformally begin this week with Canada pushing for more stringent labour and environmental standards in the deal.

Canada's top diplomat, Foreign Affairs MinisterChrystiaFreeland, will travel to Washington Tuesday where the first round of formal negotiations is set to take place.

Freelandwill sit down to break bread with her U.S. and Mexican counterparts before officials get down to brass tacks in a bid to modernize the 25-year-old trade pact Wednesday.

Each side will begin to set out what it wants to see in the rewrite; in Canada's case that will include stronger environmental and labour provisions and a formal mechanism to settle thorny trade disputes.

Before that formal kickoff in Washington,Freeland was delivering a speech at the University of Ottawa on Monday morning, outlining in broad strokes Canada's objectives for a renewedNAFTA.

She will then move to the hot seat on Parliament Hill, where she will take questions from the Commons committee on foreign affairs and international development later Monday morning. CBCnews.ca will carry her testimony live starting at 10 a.m. ET.

Some interest groupsare hoping for a speedy process to keep investors calm, but some international trade expertswarn that business shouldbrace for a drawn-out series of discussions.

JeffreySchott, a trade policy analyst and senior fellow at the Washington-based Peterson Institute for International Economics, said while the goal is for expeditious rounds, the administration of U.S. President Donald Trump has laid out objectivesthat could lead to an impasse.

Those include proposed changes to government procurement,rules of origin and a goal ofeliminating the U.S.trade deficit.

Resistance to U.S. 'overtures'

"Those are areas where they will undercut the competitiveness of North America producers and workers and there will be resistance from Canada and Mexico to the U.S.overtures," he said.

Schottexpects talks will spill over to next year, and will thenbe constrained by next year's Mexican presidential election, followed byU.S. mid-term congressional elections. He predicted talks will continue on into 2019, when there will be other elections, including a federal election in Canada.

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"I see a low probability of an agreement on a modernizedNAFTAin the near term," he told CBC News in an interview. "I think negotiators will go through what can be done that is helpful andreject efforts to try and make revisions that are counterproductive.But finding thediscreet window when the political stars align in all three countries is going to be difficult, and is unlikely to take place over thenext 18 months."

A potential 'deal breaker'

Schottexpects quick, constructiveprogress in areas like digital trade, but saidchanges to labour provisions could spark muchfriction. While the U.S. has far greater issueswith Mexico, Trump's aim to shredChapter 19 ofNAFTA, which includes provisions for a dispute resolution mechanism, could prove to be a flashpointwith Canada.

Chrystia Freeland stresses the need for dispute resolution in NAFTA

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Foreign Affairs Minister Chrystia Freeland says having an effective dispute mechanism is 'essential' ahead of upcoming NAFTA talks.

Speaking to reporters in Edmonton on Friday,Freelandcalled a dispute settlement resolution "essential" to any trade agreement.

"In the same way that good fences make good neighbours, a good dispute mechanism makes good trading partners," she said. "Canadaunderstandsthe importance of independent, objective, transparent dispute settlement withinNAFTA, and it's somethingwe'll be talking about with our partners and explain it to them."

Dennis Darby, president and chief executive officer of the CanadianManufacturers and Exporters, called the dispute mechanism a potential "deal breaker."

"In particular, for manufacturers,it is clear Chapter 19, the dispute-settlement mechanism that decides the rights and wrongs of trade disagreements, can not be eliminated as the U.S. requested," he said.

While the existingNAFTAframework has been an economic success, Darby saidtechnological advances have reshaped the way North Americans work, travel andcommunicate.

Innovation, economic growth

"A redrawnNAFTAoffers a platform to empower innovation as the driving force of manufacturing and economic growth," he said."It is also an opportunity to identify and eliminate some of the challenges that manufacturers are currently facing in the North American market such as non-tariff barriers, protectionist policy, and stimulate job creation through the flow of skilled labour."

In the run-up to NAFTArenegotiations, the Liberal government waged a massive outreach to U.S. officials to send a message about the mutual importance ofNAFTAto jobs and prosperity on both sides of the border.

Since Trump's inauguration onJan. 20, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, cabinet ministers, parliamentary secretaries, premiers and provincial/territorial ministers, parliamentary committees and other parliamentarians have made more than 175 visits to the U.S. or engaged with senior officials in Canada, according to data provided by Global Affairs Canada.

John Ries, a trade economicsprofessor at the University of British Columbia, said it's difficult togaugeif the heavy diplomatic push willtranslate to gains for Canada.

"Talking is good, but ultimately it's dollar and cents and vested interest," he said.

Ries expects a deal will include possible adjustments on tariff exemptions for online shopping and some liberalization of supply managed poultry and dairy that would allow more U.S. imports into Canada.

Benefit for Canadian consumers?

While the federal government would need to craft a plan to help those agricultural sectors transition, he said it would not necessarily be bad for Canadian consumers.

"The worst case scenario, where Canada ends up providing more access for Canadian consumers to American dairy and poultry and e-commerce online purchasing, is not that horrible of an outcome for Canada as a whole," he said.

Randy Hoback, Canada-U.S. relations critic for the Conservatives, was critical of the Liberal government for not concluding a softwood lumber agreement ahead of the NAFTA negotiations.

He emphasized the need to focus on job creation in NAFTA talks and urged Freeland to lay out Canada's negotiating position.

"Conservatives care deeply about protecting well-paying jobs created by free-trade agreements," he said in a statement.

"It is our hope that Minister Freeland will take the opportunity on Monday during her appearance before the international trade committee to reassure Canadians and Canadian businesses by providing a detailed summary of Canada's negotiating objectives and expected outcomes from the NAFTA negotiations."