Dire wolf did live in Canada during Ice Age, study finds

Canada now has its first dire wolf.

For the first time, a Canadian fossil has been confirmed as having comefrom the Ice Age predator featured in the TV series Game of Thrones.The specimen, from near Medicine Hat in southern Alberta, was tentatively identified decades ago, but a team from the Royal Ontario Museum used new technology to finally lock it down.

"It had never been fully described," said evolutionary biologist Ashley Reynolds, lead author of the paper published in the Journal of Quaternary Science. "This had never been done for this specimen."

Why it was so hard to identify

It wasn't easy. The entire specimen, which is between 25,000 and 50,000 years old, consists of one jaw, badly crushed, with some remaining teeth.

"We could tell pretty clearly right away it was a member of the dog family, about the size of a wolf," Reynolds said.

So, it was either a grey wolf or a dire wolf. There are ways to tell them apart based on teeth, but this animal was too old for that.

"When an animal gets really old, it starts to wear down its teeth, and this can mean that features of the teeth get worn away," Reynolds said.

Although dire wolves tend to be significantly bigger than grey wolves, this individual was within the size range of both species. So the researchers tried something else.

How the mystery was solved in the end

The team took points along the outline of the fossil and used a computer program to estimate its shape. They compared that with known values from grey and dire wolves.

"Based on the parts of the shape we do have, which does it look more like," Reynolds said.

This dire wolf is the northernmost confirmed example of the species ever found. That's because in those days, most of what is now Canadawas covered by a massive ice sheet.

But every now and then the ice retreated, opening up habitat from Yukon down through central and southeast Alberta and making way for an Ice Age bestiary that's hard to imagine on the rolling, grassy plains along the South Saskatchewan River, where the dire wolf was found.

There were giant ground sloths, wild horses, camels, mammoths and mastodons. Reynolds's previous research found sabretooth cats in the same deposit as the dire wolf.

What the discovery means

Confirming the presence of dire wolves adds to our picture of what the Ice Age looked like in Canada, Reynolds said.

"We're starting to get a better picture of what lived in Canada in ages past. We see a fauna that is very similar to what we would see even in California."

But this area would also have seen a unique mixing of southern and Arctic species. There's some evidence, for example, that cave lions could have lived in the area.

There's not much Reynolds can say about the dire wolf she studied.

It was relatively small for the species. It was very old, so it must have been a successful wolf. At some point in its life, it lost one of its big teeth and had to make do.

Much about Ice Age Canada remains to be learned, Reynolds said.

"Canadian fossils, especially from the time after the dinosaurs, are relatively understudied," Reynolds said. "We're really just starting to figure out what the landscape looked like."