The moon has an atmosphere (sort of). Now, astronomers have nailed down why and how

The moon may be ourconstant companion, but there's still a lot we have yet to understand about it.

For example, it was only during the Apollo missions in the 1960s and '70sthat we discovered it has an atmosphere, tenuous as it is.

"People do not even know that the moon has an atmosphere," said Nicole Nie, an assistant professor in MIT's Department of Earth, Atmosphericand Planetary Sciences and the author of a new study about the moon.

"Technically speaking, a lunar atmosphere is not really an atmosphere. [As]scientists, we call it an exosphere, just because it's very, very thin."

But it's there, and scientists have had theories about what is supplying this thin atmosphere, which is made up of helium, argon, neon, ammonia, methane and carbon dioxide, as well as some sodium, potassium and rubidium.

Now, Nie and co-authors of a new study published in Science Advances provide further evidence to support the theory meteorites are responsible for at least some of its atmosphere.

Getting into the dirt

The main driver for the lunar atmosphere was believed to be something called space weathering, which includes the vaporization of the lunar surface as meteorites slam into the moon. Another factoris "ion-sputtering," which comes from the sun's solar wind, a flow of particles that travelsoutward into the solar system at around 1.6 million km/h.

Scientists believe thatas the charged particles carried by the solar wind reach the moon, they hit the surface and then transfer energy to the atoms contained in the soil, sending those atoms sputtering about, which ends up creating athin atmosphere.

Some of that information was collected by a NASA satellitemission to the mooncalled the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE), whichorbited from 2013 to 2014.

But Nie and co-authors wanted to get down and intothe dirt, looking at the moon's regolith, which is sometimes referred to as soil (althoughsoil tends to contain organic matter). The researchers were able to analyze 10 samplesfrom the Apollo missions.

It was only 100 grams, so there wasn't room for error (you don't want to make a mistake and waste precious Apollo samples). In fact, the process was so difficult,Nie said it took her three years to just develop a method to test the samples, which involved crushing them anddissolving the fine remaining powders in acids.

The researchers looked specificallyat potassium and rubidium, two elements that would vaporize easily in bothion-sputtering and meteoriteimpacts.

Here's where the science gets a little deeper: each of those elements potassium and rubidium come in different forms, called isotopes. There can be lighter isotopes and heavier isotopes. The researchers'theory was that lighter ones would,presumably, be lofted upwards, while heavier ones would remain in the soil.

They concludedthe regolith held mostly the heavy isotopes of both elements, and that vaporization of these rocks was likely the mainprocess by which the atoms are sent upward(think fast, hot rock slamming into more rock).

Andsince the moon is constantly being pelted by even small meteorites called micrometeorites this thin atmosphere is just replenished again and again.

What it means for the future

This is important because with ion-sputtering, most of those atoms would escape into space. However, with meteorites vaporizing the rocks, the majority would remain. In fact, the recent studyfound 70 per cent of the lunar atmosphere is a result of these meteorite impacts.

Nie is excited about what this means for studying samples collected from other bodies, like asteroids. For example, samples from the 4.5-billion-year-oldasteroid Bennu were returned to Earth last September.

"I think it provides a framework for future studies," she said. "We provide a mathematical model for people to use, and then they can analyze the samples, and then they can use our model to understand the space weathering processes onother bodies. Because for each body, the processes might be different."

Myriam Lemelin, an associate professor at the Universit de Sherbrooke's department of applied geomaticswho wasn'tinvolved in the study but is involved with several lunar missions (including Canada's upcoming rover), said she's excited about the prospect of future analysis on other locations on the moon.

"The samples that were analyzed in this study, and in the past studies, mostly focuson the equatorial region of the moon," she said.

"The upcoming missions will be targeting the south polar region. Based on what we can see in the orbital data sets, we think space weathering is less intense in the polar region than the equatorial region. So the samples that will be brought back from the south polar region can definitely be used to look into the same isotopes and see if we can measure different things."