Sea lice linked to wild salmon mortality

A new study has found that sea lice infections at B.C. fish farms are linked to increased mortality among wild pink and coho salmon, contradicting theconclusion of aprevious studyof pink salmon that found no link.

"Our works suggests that when one looks at all the available evidence there is indeed good reason to minimize lice on farmed salmon and the potential for their transmission to wild fish," said Brendan Connors, a Simon Fraser University researcher who co-authored the study to be published this week in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Sea lice are parasites that infect many salmon species and some studies have suggested that young wild salmon can become infected with sea liceas they swim past salmon farms, where large numbers of salmon are kept in a confined space.

Some studies have also suggested that when young wild salmon are infected with large numbers of sea lice, the infection can have anegative impact on their health, behaviour and survival.

Salmon farms and sea lice are among the factors being examined by B.C.'sCohen Commission, which is trying to explain the possible reasons for the declines in the population of Fraser River sockeye salmon over the past decade.

Ingeneral, very few of the salmon hatched in freshwater rivers, whichswim out to the ocean as juveniles, ever return to their hatching grounds as adults to spawn, Connors said.They die from a variety of causes, such as being eaten by predators.

"The question is even if some sea lice come from salmon farms and infect fish and possibly even kill them, does that really matter in the grand scheme of things?" Connors said. "And that's what management and policy really care about that."

This past December, a study led by University of California researcher Gary Marty, publishedin the same journal, found the survival of wild pink salmon populationsappears unrelated to the number of lice found on farmed fish nearby in the Broughton Archipelago, which is located off the B.C. coast, just to the east of northern Vancouver Island.

Marty and his colleagues said they analyzed 10 to 20 years of fish farm data and 60 years of pink salmon data to arrive at that conclusion.

"That was a really important paper. It received considerable attention," said Connors, adding that Marty was the first researcher to gain access to fish farm data on sea lice infections.

Marty's paper suggested that growing salmon in closed containers (instead of net pens open to the ocean) and other costly measures to minimize sea lice transmission to wild fish would not benefit wild salmon populations.

Henoted thathe and co-authors Sonja Saksida of the non-profit Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences in Campbell River, B.C., and Terrance Quinn of the University of Fairbanks, Alaska, said their study was not funded by governments, environmental groups or industry.

80 per cent higher mortality

This more recent study, co-authored by Connors and led by Martin Krkosek, a Canadian researcher at the University of Otago in New Zealand, used Marty's fish farm data along with population data for a wider geographic area. It also included anextra species of salmon in addition to pink salmon coho and a largertime span, from1970 to 2009. (Fish farming in the Broughton Archipelago began in the 1980s.)

The study received funding from the federal government and two non-profit environmental groups the Watershed Watch Salmon Society and Save our Salmon Society.

It found that when sea lice populations were high among farmed fish, there was much higher mortality among wild salmon that swam near fish farms compared to thosethat did not swim near fish farms, Krkosek said.

When sea lice populations were low, there was no difference in mortality between wild fish either near or far away from salmon farms. However, he acknowledged that there was a wide variation in the effect of sea lice depending on their levels.

In general, regardless of the presence or absence of sea lice, four out of five juvenile salmon die within their first couple of months in the ocean, Krkosek said: "Everything eats them."

But his study shows that among the one in five survivors, up to four-fifths of them may die from the influence of sea lice from fish farms.

Connors said that suggests that fish farms should continue to take measures to prevent the transmission of sea lice to wild fish.Such measures includeusing chemicals to kill sea lice and emptying pens along wild salmon migration routes when they are migrating.

"Management and policy measures designed to protect from salmon farms will in fact have benefits for pink and coho salmon as well as coastal economies and the coastal ecosystems that depend on the salmon," he said.

Other researchers on Krkosek's team includedAlexandra Morton, a researcher at the Raincoast Research Society who has been a vocal critic of fish farms, along withscientists from Simon Fraser University, the University of Alberta and the University of Washington in Seattle.

Connors is scheduled to testify before the Cohen Comission on Aug. 25, 26 or 29. Marty is to appear on August 31, and Saksida on Sept. 6.