How dinosaurs shrank into birds

Scientists have mapped how a group of fearsome, massive dinosaurs evolved and shrank to the likes of robins and hummingbirds.

Comparing fossils of 120 different species and 1,500 skeletal features, especially thigh bones, researchers constructed a detailed family tree for the class of two-legged meat-eaters called theropods. That suborder of dinos survives to this day as birds, however unrecognizable and improbable it sounds.

The steady downsizing and elegant evolution of the theropods is detailed in the journal Science on Thursday.

• Summary of the paper in Science

"They just kept on shrinking and shrinking and shrinking for about 50 million years," said study author Michael S. Y. Lee of the University of Adelaide in Australia. He called them "shape-shifters."

Lee and colleagues created a dinosaur version of the iconic ape-to-man drawing of human evolution. In this version, the lumbering large dinos shrink, getting more feathery and big-chested, until they are the earliest version of birds.

For a couple decades scientists have linked birds to this family of dinosaurs because they shared hollow bones, wishbones, feathers and other characteristics. But the Lee study gives the best picture of how steady and unusualtheropodevolution was. The skeletons oftheropodschanged four times faster than other types of dinosaurs, the study said.

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A few members of thatdinofamily did not shrink, includingT.rex, which is more of a distant cousin to birds than a direct ancestor, Lee said.

Consistent shrinking

He said he and colleagues were surprised by just how consistently thetheropodsshrank over evolutionary time, while other types of dinosaurs showed ups and downs in body size.

The firsttheropodswere large, weighing around 270 kilograms (600 pounds). They roamed about 220 million to 230 million years ago. Then about 200 million years ago, when some of the creatures weighed about 160 kilograms (360 pounds), the shrinking became faster and more prolonged, the study said. In just 25 million years, the beasts were slimmed down to barely 45 kilograms (100 pounds). By 167 million years ago, 3-kilogram (6-pound)paravians, more direct ancestor of birds, were around.

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And 163 million years ago the first birds, weighing less than a kilogram, probably came on the scene, the study said

Paul Sereno, a dinosaur researcher at the University of Chicago who wasn't part of this study, praised Lee's work as innovative.

The steady size reduction shows "something very strange going on," Sereno said. "This is key to what went on at the origin of birds."

People may think bigger is better, but sometimes when it comes to evolution smaller can be better because bigger creatures are more likely to go extinct, Sereno said.

And when the theropods started shrinking there weren't many other small species that would compete with them, Lee said.

"The dinosaur ancestors of birds found a new niche and a new way of life," Lee said.

Sereno added, "When you are small, it's a totally different ball game. You can fly and glide and I think that's what drove it."