Soaring water temperatures, drought cited as 120 dead dolphins retrieved in Brazil's Amazon

The carcasses of 120 river dolphins have been found floating in a tributary of the Amazon River over the last week in circumstances that experts suspect were caused by severe drought and heat.

Low river levels during a severe drought have heated water in stretches to temperatures that are intolerable for the dolphins, researchers believe. Thousands of fish have died recently on Amazon rivers due to a lack of oxygen in the water.

The Amazon river dolphins, many of a striking pink colour, are a unique freshwater species found only in the rivers of South America and are one of a handful of freshwater dolphin species left in the world. Slow reproductive cycles make their populations especially vulnerable to threats.

Amid the stench of decomposing dolphins, biologists and other experts in white personal protective clothing and masks continued on Monday to recover the dead mammals from a lake and conduct autopsies on the carcasses to determine the cause of death.

The scientists do not know with certainty that drought and heat are to blame for the spike in dolphin mortality. They are working to rule out other causes, such as a bacterial infection that could have killed the dolphins.

At least 70 of the carcasses surfaced on Thursday when the temperature of Lake Tef's water reached 39 C, more than 10 degrees Celsius higher than the average for this time of the year.

The water temperature declined for a few days but rose again on Sunday to 37 C, worried experts said.

Pink dolphins a threatened species

Environmental activists have blamed the unusual conditions on climate change, which makes droughts and heat waves more likely and severe. Global warming's role in the current Amazon drought is unclear, with other factors such as El Nio at play.

"We have documented 120 carcasses in the last week," said Miriam Marmontel, a researcher at the Mamiraua environmental institute that focuses on the mid-Solimoes river basin.

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Roughly eight of every 10 carcasses are pink dolphins, called "botos" in Brazil, which could represent 10 per cent of their estimated population in Lake Tef, she said.

The boto and the grey river dolphin called the "tucuxi" are on the International Union for Conservation of Nature's red list of threatened species

"Ten per cent is a very high percentage of loss, and the possibility that it will increase could threaten the survival of the species in Lake Tef," Marmontel said.

Brazil's Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation has rushed veterinarians and aquatic mammal experts to rescue dolphins that are still alive in the lake. They cannot be moved to cooler river waters until researchers rule out a bacteriological cause of the deaths.