Conservative lawmaker Ivan Duque wins Colombia's presidential election

President-elect Ivan Duque appealed for unity after winning a runoff election over a leftist firebrand whose ascent shook Colombia's political establishment and laid bare deep divisions over the nation's peace process.

The conservative Duque, the protege of a powerful former president, was elected Sunday with 54 per cent of the vote. He finished more than 12 points ahead of former guerrilla Gustavo Petro, though the runner-up's performance at the ballot box was the best ever for the left in one of Latin America's most conservative nations.

When Duque takes office in August at age 42, he will be Colombia's youngest president in more than a century and in his first remarks as president-elect he vowed to work tirelessly to heal divisions and govern on behalf of all Colombians. He also promised a frontal attack on corruption while addressing a surge in cocaine production that he called a threat to national security.

"This is the opportunity that we have been waiting for to turn the page on the politics of polarization, insults and venom," Duque told jubilant supporters Sunday night, joined by his young family.

The election was the first since outgoing President Juan Manuel Santos signed the 2016 peace agreement with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia and the race ultimately ended up being defined by the divisive accord.

Duque's promise to heal the scars from five decades of bloody conflict will demand a quick response. The FARC rebels who demobilized under the accord are struggling to reinsert themselves into civilian life in a nation where many people are hesitant to forgive. Vast swaths of remote territory remain under the control of violent drug mafias and residual rebel bands.

Duque, who only entered politics in 2014 after being lured back to Colombia by former President Alvaro Uribe from a cozy life in Washington, in his victory speech repeated pledges made on the campaign trail to roll back benefits in the peace accord for top rebel commanders behind atrocities.

He and running mate Marta Lucia Ramirez, who will become Colombia's first female vice-president, have promised to make changes in the accord but Duque also has vowed not to "shred it to pieces" as some of his hawkish allies have urged.

"Undoubtedly, for the peace process, this is an important test," said Patricia Munoz, a professor of political science at Javeriana University in Bogota.

Accord's lack of punishment controversial

Petro energized young voters and drew millions to public plazas with fiery speeches vowing to improve the lives of poor Colombians long neglected by the political elite. His more than 8 million votes marked the biggest success for a leftist presidential contender ever in Colombia, where politicians on the left have long been stigmatized because of the civil conflict.

"Perhaps as time passes people will be less scared about voting for left-wing politicians," said Jorge Gallego, a professor at Bogota's Rosario University. "Although with this result, it's proven that Colombia is still a right-wing country."

Petro took his loss in stride, refusing to call it a defeat. In a concession speech that at times sounded celebratory, he challenged Duque to break with his hard-line allies, and Uribe in particular. He also promised to mobilize his considerable following into a combative opposition that will fight for social reforms and defend the peace accord.

"Those eight million Colombians are not going to let Colombia return to war," Petro said to a thunderous applause from supporters chanting "Resistance!"

Colombia's peace process to end a conflict that caused more than 250,000 deaths is considered largely irreversible. Most of the more than 7,000 rebels who have surrendered their weapons have started new lives as farmers, community leaders and journalists. Last year the rebels launched a new political party and will soon occupy 10 seats in congress.

But the accord remains contentious and Duque pledged throughout his campaign to make changes that would deliver "peace with justice." Through constitutional reform or by decree, he could proceed with proposals such as not allowing ex-combatants behind grave human rights abuses to take political office until they have confessed their war crimes and compensated victims.

The current agreement allows most rebels to avoid jail, a sore point for many.

Branded by foes as a puppet of former president

Duque's detractors warn that his victory could throw an already delicate peace process into disarray.

"I think it will set up a big constitutional battle," said Cynthia Arnson, director of the Latin America program at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington.

Duque is the son of a former governor and energy minister who friends say has harboured presidential aspirations since he was a child. The father of three entered public service almost two decades ago as an adviser to the man he will succeed a president, Santos, who was then Colombia's finance minister.

He later moved to Washington, where he spent more than a decade at the Inter-American Development Bank, first as an adviser for three Andean countries and later as chief of the cultural division.

It was during that time that Duque forged a close relationship with Uribe, the torchbearer of conservatives who is both adored and detested by legions of Colombians.

With Uribe's backing, Duque was elected to Colombia's Senate in 2014. He earned a reputation as a like-minded security hawk who did his homework and earned the respect of colleagues across the political spectrum.

Throughout his campaign, Duque was dogged by accusations he would be little more than a puppet for Uribe, who is constitutionally barred from seeking a third term. Though praised for weakening the FARC and drawing record foreign investment, Uribe has also been blamed for the military's killing of thousands of civilians who were falsely portrayed as rebels to inflate body counts.

Toward the end of his victory speech, Duque thanked Uribe but said he would strive to bridge Colombia's divisions. He said he wants to see rank-and-file guerrilla members succeed in civilian life and become part of a growing Colombian economy.

"I'm not going to govern with hatred," he said. "Neither in my mind nor my heart is there a desire for revenge and retaliation."