From Alfred's will: History of the Nobel Prize

The 2011 Nobel Prizes,awarded Dec. 10in Stockholm, Sweden, areone of the world's most coveted honours,carryinginternational prestige, a hefty cash award and, at times in their history, considerable controversy.

The Nobel Foundation administers the honours, which wereestablished in Nobel's will. Prizes are handed out in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace.

Nobel laureateshave spanned worlds of expertise and points of view, from Mother Teresa toYasser Arafat to Marie Curie. Leading lights such as Frederick Banting, Jimmy Carter, Nelson Mandela and George Bernard Shaw have also been honoured throughout the years.

Over the years, several Canadians have joined this elite company, including 11 who have earned Nobel prizes in the sciences.

The selection process

When Nobel died in 1896, leaving his fortune to be used to create the Nobel prizes, his will stated he wanted to reward those "who during the preceding year shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind."

The will also named the groups that would award the prizes: the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm (medicine), the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (chemistry and physics), the Swedish Academy (literature) and a committee of five people to be selected by the Norwegian parliament (peace). Economics,added as a separate prize in 1968, is awarded by theAcademy of Sciences.

As outlined in the will, the prizes are tobe awarded without regard to nationality. Each prize consists of a medal, personal diploma and a cash award. The amount of money available for each prize varies from year to year. For 2010, the Nobel Prizeis worth10 million Swedish kronor or about $1.5 million Cdn.

There are rules on who can nominate, varying slightly depending on the award. Each year, the Nobel committees send invitations to thousands of members of academies, scientists from numerous countries, previous laureates and others, asking them to submit candidates forthat year's competition.

Winners are announced in October, followed by the awards ceremony on Dec. 10, the anniversary of Nobels death. The peace prize is presented in Oslo and the others in Stockholm.

Criticism of the award

The Nobel Prize has had its controversial moments: the 1994 peace award to Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat,shared with Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, garnered widespread criticism. The decision sparked demonstrations in Israel, and one Nobel judge resigned in protest, arguing that Arafat's violent past disqualified him.

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu called it "one of the low points of the Nobel Prize" in a 2002 interview.

The Nobel committee's secretary, Geir Lundestad, told the Boston Globe: "The Nobel Prize isn't the granting of sainthood. There have been many winners with dark things about their past, but they have managed to raise themselves above them."

Obama's peace prize

Criticism of the 2009 peace award had less to do with the skeletons in the recipient's closet thanwith a perceived lack of accomplishment. U.S. President Barack Obama had been in the White House for less than two weeks before the Feb. 1 nomination deadline for that year's prize.Yet theNobel committee said the president was selected "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and co-operation between people."

Obama acknowledgedthat compared with past recipients including Nelson Mandela, Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. and Albert Schweitzer his "accomplishments are slight." Criticsalso seized on the fact that Obama received the peace prize as U.S. wars continued in Iraq and Afghanistan. But he said heaccepted the award asa "call to action" to confront the challenges of the 21st century.

2011 Nobel Prize Winners

Peace: Awarded jointly to Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee and Tawakkol Karman for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for womens rights to full participation in peace-building work.

Physiology or Medicine:Awarded toBruce A. Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity, and to Ralph M. Steinman for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity.

Physics:Awarded to Saul Perlmutter, Brian P. Schmidt and Adam G. Riessfor the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae.

Chemistry: Awarded to Dan Shechtman for the discovery of quasicrystals.

Literature: Awarded to Tomas Transtrmer.

Source: Nobel Media AB