Anti-Muslim immigration sentiment is less prevalent in New Zealand than in Europe

Anti-immigration ideals makes up a significant part of the74-page manifesto linked to the man charged in the deadly mass shooting attack on two mosques inChristchurch, New Zealand.

It declares that one of the goals of the shooting that killed 49 people is to"directly reduce immigrationrates to European lands by intimidating and physically removing the invaders themselves."

The term "invaders" is peppered throughout the document, a reference to the Muslim population, who, according to the manifesto,"seek to occupy my peoples lands andethnically replace my own people." German Chancellor Angela Merkel is also put on ahit list, targeted because"few have done more to damage and racially cleanse Europe of its people."

BrentonTarrant, a 28-year-old man from Australia, has been charged with murder in the shootings. But while immigration has certainlybeen an issue in New Zealand, bias againstMuslim immigration hasn't been as vocal as in Europe.

"We are so far away from the Muslim world that then it's very rare that people express in any formal sense that we're taking too many Muslim people," said Murdoch Stephens, a researcher who spearheaded acampaign to double the refugee quota in New Zealand.

Not the hot-button issue

It has not been the hot-button issuethatit has in parts of Europe, which took in more than a million refugees during the 2015 migrant crisis, a move that sparked a lot of anti-immigrant attitudes.

The Muslim population inNew Zealand is smallbut growing. According to the 2013 census, which has the most recent figures, the number of people affiliating with the Muslim religion increased 27.9 per cent from 2006, from 36,072 peopleto 46,149. New Zealand has a population of over four million, meaning Muslims make up little over one per cent of the population.

Christchurch has attracted right-wing extremism and there have beeninstances of low-level white wing extremism for quite a while,said Douglas Pratt aprofessor ofreligious studies at The University of Auckland.

"The white supremacy movement that the [suspect allegedly] represents has been active in New Zealand but it's been treated as an odd aberration that nobody takes too seriously because of the old dominant tradition of widespread tolerance," said Pratt, author of the bookReligion and Extremism:Rejecting Diversity

"Certainly you can find expressions of antipathytowards Muslims in particular and sometimes immigrants," he said. "There is some residual racism of one kind or another in recent years that's been so relatively minor that it has flown under the radar."

Still, the issue of Muslim immigration has flared up.In 2005 the former New Zealand prime minister Bill English, then an MP for the National Party, described Middle Eastern asylum seekers as "leftovers" who should be blocked from entering the country.

"We need migrants, but we don't need leftovers from Middle East terrorist regimes," he said in anewsletter.

In 2013, Richard Prosser, an MPof NewZealand First, a nationalist anti-immigrationparty, madeheadlines when he said young Muslim men should be banned from air travel.

Meanwhile, in the 2017 election, immigration in general was a big issue, said Stephens. Under the National government, immigration had climbed up to record levels of more than 70,000 a year.

But opposition to immigration waslargely focused on Chinese and Indianimmigrants buying property as New Zealand suffered through a housing crisis, Stephens said.

Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern had run on a policy ofreducingimmigration. She had pledged to cut annual immigration by up to 30,000 during her three-year term, in part to ease the housing crisis.

But sherejected comparisons to U.S. President Donald Trumpand his immigration policies, and pledged to raise the refugee quotafrom 1,000 to 1,500 by2020.

Crackdown on immigration

Some have suggested, however, her crackdown on immigration may be due to having to enter into a coalition withNew Zealand First,which receivedabout seven per cent of the vote in the 2017 election and held the balance of power.

The party is led by Winston Peters, who has appeared to moderate his views, at least in practical terms. Indeed he angeredmany supporters when hesupported the United Nations pact on migration,a non-binding global pact to better handle migrant flows.

It was this pact that the suspect is alleged to have madereference to, writing "Here's your migration compact" on one of his ammunitionclips.

Peters criticized the National Party and its leader for not supporting the pact.National Leader Simon Bridges had suggested the pact was an intrusion into a country's sovereignty and could affect its abilityto set its own migration policies.

In an interview with New Zealand's News Hub in 2018, National Party MP Gerry Brownleesaid the UN migration pact will result "pretty much in open borders."

Stephens suggestedthose kinds of comments, whilefactually incorrect, are also the subtle ways in which politicians may take aim at certain migrants.

"They're not explicitly saying that it's open borders to Muslim immigration," said Stephens. "But this isthe kind of dog whistleto people like [the suspect]."

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