ISIS using two-pronged approach to subdue Sunni Muslim tribes

The Islamic State (ISIS) is employing multiple tactics to subdue the Sunni Muslim tribes in Syria and Iraq under its rule, wooing some with gifts while brutally suppressing those that resist with mass killings.

The result is that the extremists seeking to establish an Islamist state face little immediate threat of an uprising by the tribes, traditionally the most powerful social institution in the large areas of eastern Syria and northern and western Iraq controlled by the group. Any drive to try to turn tribesmen against the militants, as the Americans did with Sunnis during the Iraq war, faces an uphill battle.

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In Syria in particular, tribes have no outside patron to bankroll or arm them to take on ISIS, leaving them with few options other than to bend to domination or flee.

They will chop us in pieces if they see us.- Sheik Naim al-Gaoud of the Al Bu Nimr tribe in Iraq

"There are people who want to go back and fight them," said Hassan Hassan, an analyst with the Delma Institute in Abu Dhabi. "But the circumstances now mean that you can't provoke ISIS because the strategy they've followed and tactics are to prevent any revolt from inside."

The rulers of the self-styled caliphate have mastered techniques of divide and rule. Tribes are powerful institutions that command the loyalty of their members. However, tribes are divided up into smaller groups and clans that can be pitted against each other.

As well, ISIS has roots in the tribes. Though hundreds of foreign fighters have flocked to join the group, most of its leaders and foot soldiers are Iraqis and Syrians who often belong to tribes.

In eastern Syria's Deir el-Zour province, for example, the Ogeidat is one of the largest tribes. One of its major clans, the Bu Jamel, has been a staunch opponent of the extremists. Another, the Bakir, long ago allied itself with the group.

Economic enticements

ISIS operatives use threats or offers of money or fuel to win public pledges of loyalty from senior tribal sheiks. The group has also wooed younger tribesmen with economic enticements and promises of positions within ISIS, undermining the traditional power structure of the tribe.

"They offer many sweeteners," said Abu Ali al-Badie, a tribal leader from the central city of Palmyra in Syria's Homs province. "They go to the tribes and say, 'Why are you fighting against Muslims? We'll give you weapons and cars and guns, and we'll fight together.'

"They offer diesel and fuel. They bring barley and animal feed from Iraq," he said. "They build wells at their own expense for the tribes and they say, 'Others have neglected your needs.'"

In Syria, ISIS has won the acceptance of many tribesmen in Raqqa and Deir el-Zour provinces by ending chaos that reigned when the areas were controlled by a patchwork of rebel warlords. ISIS provides electricity, fuel, water and telephone lines, as well as flour for bakeries, said Haian Dukhan, a researcher at the University of St. Andrews Center for Syrian Studies.

"Things have started to become stable to a degree, and this is something that people were really desperate about," said Dukhan.

'Tribal affairs' officials

The group has "tribal affairs" officials to handle relations with the tribes, calibrating its style to local dynamics. Often they will allow loyal tribesmen to run their communities' services, Hassan said.

At the same time, the group sends a clear message to those who resist.

In August, ISIS militants shot and beheaded hundreds of members of the Shueitat tribe in eastern Syria.

In Iraq's Anbar province, ISIS killed more than 200 men, women and children from the Al Bu Nimr tribe, apparently in revenge for the tribe's siding with security forces and, in the past, with American troops. It has also shot dead several men from the Al Bu Fahd tribe.

"Everyone is hiding or fled. They will chop us in pieces if they see us," said Sheikh Naim al-Gaoud, a leader in the Al Bu Nimr tribe. "They want us to support them and to join their fight. In return, they say they will let us live in peace."

As a result, Dukhan said, there's little chance for a revolt unless tribes are confident the extremists are losing.