'They bomb us because they can't beat us': Kharkiv civilians suffer as Russia runs out of options
Ukraine's 2nd-largest city, which is near Russian border, has been under attack since beginning of invasion
The city of Kharkiv, Ukraine's second-largest, was a bustling metropolis just a month ago. Chic eateries and sleek shopping malls sat alongside elegant neo-baroque architecture in what had been a rapidly developing urban centre.
Now, large areas of the city resemble Stalingrad more than Stuttgart, as Kharkiv falls victim to what locals and experts say is a Russian strategy of targeting civilians.
Entering the city from the south, there are initially few signs of the war, save the military barricades and checkpoints at regular intervals.
Downtown Kharkiv is a different story: windows and storefronts blown out by artillery shelling, other buildings demolished entirely by airstrikes or cruise missile hits.
Along Kharkiv's central Moskovsky Avenue, an apartment building scorched byrocket artillery fire sits across from a massive crater in a parking lot, the result of an airstrike the day prior to CBC's visit on Saturday.
"The rockets hit yesterday, and there was a huge fire in the apartment building," said Oleg Tornenko, a 55-year-old resident of thebuilding.
"[The Russians] want people to leave here. They're trying to force them out."
While most Russian shelling of Kharkiv to date has occurred during the evening, strikes in daylight hours have picked up in recent days, locals say.
"The last two or three days, they're bombing us during the day," said Elena Yelagina, a 62-year-old museum director who lives in the city centre.
"Not only by plane, but Grads(vehicle-mounted rocket launcher) and Smerch(rocket artillery), even Iskanders(ballistic missiles). I can already tell them apart just by the sound."
'Every single day, something explodes'
The timing of the strikes appears designed to maximize civilian casualties and instill terror in the local population.
"This strike was at 8 a.m.," said Dmitri Yakovlev, a 26-year-old police officer, of the strike that hit the Moskovsky Ave. apartment building.
"Very often [Russian] shelling starts just after the curfew ends at 6 a.m. People go to queue for humanitarian aid, and they hit them."
The strikes have been constant, and without apparent military goals.
"Every single day, something explodes," said Yakovlev. "There are no military objects [in the city centre], only residential areas. They are intentionally shelling [civilians]."
Kharkiv is a key Russian prize in this war a Russian-speaking city just 15 kilometres from the border. There were numerous Russia-backed attempts in 2014 to declare a "Kharkiv People's Republic" in the mould of those established in Donetsk and Luhansk, but the city has remained under Ukrainian government control.
Russian forces made numerous attempts to capture the city in the invasion's opening day, sending in lightly armoured special forces units in a bid to seize local government buildings.
Yakovlev, the police officer, witnessed some of those battles.
"They tried to break through in the first days, but too many of them died," he said.
"On Feb. 27, five Russian Tigr [armoured vehicles] broke into the city. One of them reached our [police] base I think they were lost, because [the soldiers inside] just ran out and tried to hide in the nearby school.
"We captured one of the two that survived [the ensuing battle], who told us that he wanted to surrender earlier, but [Russian] commanders don't allow that."
Following those failed incursions, Russian forces have made few attempts to breach the city, instead subjecting it to massive and increasing bombardment.
Russian strategy unclear
Experts say this is part of a shift in Moscow's strategy to focus more on siege warfare as its initial advances in Ukraine bog down.
Ukrainian forces have thus far managed to keep Russian troops on the outskirts of Kharkiv, after defeating the attempts in the war's opening days for a Russian "thunder run" to capture the city.
Russia, for its part, denies that its troops are even attacking Kharkiv, as foreign minister Sergei Lavrov stated on March 3.
"In some cases, it appears that Russian forces do not plan to take major cities like Kharkiv," said Michael Kofman, director of Russia studies at the Virginia-based Center for Naval Analyses.
"They lack the manpower for those assaults. Instead, they've been striking cities to apply pressureand signal to other towns that they're prepared to engage in indiscriminate shelling in order to coerce them into surrender."
This strategy is also in play in other areas of Ukraine particularly, the southeast city of Mariupol, where Russian forces are pounding the trapped civilians and defenders amid a grinding advance.
Officials in Mariupol say 80 per cent of the city's civilian infrastructure has been destroyed, including the Mariupol drama theatre, which was struck on March 16 despite housing more than 1,000 civilians who had taken shelter there and with the word "children" written in large Cyrillic script outside.
Othershave confirmed Russia's intentionally destructive approach. Human Rights Watch found evidence of cluster munitions use in heavily populated areas of Kharkiv, where fewer than 500,000 civilians from a pre-war population of 1.5 million remain.
Kharkiv regional police said that between Feb. 24 and March 7, 133 civilians were killed in the city, with another 319 wounded.
WATCH | Kharkiv residents clear damage from Russian shelling:
'They won't beat us'
The results of Russia's tactics are evident across Kharkiv.
Moving northward from the city centre, it feels as if nearly every street is bombed out. Twisted rebar and blasted concrete dominate the cityscape for kilometres on end. The damage is so widespread that it's difficult to imagine what military purpose the Russians hoped to accomplish.
Yakovlev, the police officer, needs no more convincing of Russia's approach.
"After they failed to enter the city, they understood that they wouldn't be able to take [Kharkiv]," he said.
"Their soldiers are far worse [fighters] than ours, and absolutely everyone here is against them. So they decided that instead, they would terrorize the civilians to make people leave."
Fear, he believes, is the primary objective of these attacks.
"The only option Russia has is to just destroy the city, as they have done with Mariupol," Yakovlev said. "So it's pure terror that they are using now."
As he speaks, distant artillery thumps echo constantly, coming in small groups every few seconds. The tone of one group is different lighter and without the change in air pressure.
"That was ours," said Yakovlev. "They bomb us because they can't beat us. They won't beat us."
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