'No solution in sight': Spain braces for Catalonia declaration of independence

The Catalonia vote for secessionfrom Spain may have boxed theregional government into a corner, leaving it no choice but todeclare unilateral independencea move that couldtriggera constitutionalcrisis and spark more violent clashes.

"It basically opens a valley of tears and a process that is very unclear on how it's going to end," said Pablo Beramendi, an associate political science professor at Duke University and a research associate at the Instituto Juan March-Carlos III in Madrid.

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Beramendi said "it's very likely" the Catalan government will declare independence, fulfilling its promise made during the referendum campaign to a significant number of highly mobilized Catalonian voters. Catalan leader Carles Puigdemonthad said he would move to a declaration of independence within 48 hours of a Yesvote.

"This will be extremely controversial and is the subject of a debate among the supporters of the Catalonia government,"Beramendi said.

On Sunday,of the two millionballots cast in Catalonia, 90 per cent voted infavour of breaking away from Spain, a vote the Spanish government deemed to be unconstitutional. The voting sparked a violent crackdown by Spanish police.The Catalan government said almost 900 people were injured when Spanish police forcibly tried to close polling stations.

Meanwhile, tens of thousands of people took to the streets of Catalonia on Tuesday to protest the actions by police.

While there has been condemnation of those actions, and the European Union, of which Spain is a member, has expressed concerns, they have been expressed in "very low voices,"said Beramendi. Andso farthere hasn't been a massive pushback from the EU against the Spanish government.

• Thousands take to streets in Barcelona protesting police violence over referendum

Indeed, any kind of condemnation against the use of force during Sunday's referendumshould not be confused with support for the pro-independencecause, he said.

"Certainly no EU country, I would expect, to immediately recognize Catalonia as an independent state. I doubt very much that anyof the advancedindustrial societies will do that either," Beramendisaid.

"So it could be a very strange situation where the government proclaims independence that is then recognized by very few."

Recipe for conflict

Yet such a declaration would have significant domestic implications and likely force Madrid to trigger Article 155 of Spain's constitution. That would allow the central government to legally suspend Catalonia'sautonomy, remove its regional government and impose an interim administration.

"My prediction is this would trigger massive demonstrations in the street and a spiral, that I don't know where it would end,"Beramendi said.

Beramendi said he doesn't see those in favour of separation becoming something liketheBasquemilitant groupETA, which spent decades wagingviolent campaigns against the Spanishgovernment as it soughtindependence for the Basque areas in northern Spain.

"Theyhave been very good at makingthis a peacefulcivic democratic movement," Beramendi said. "I think this is one of their trademarks, and Ithink the leadersof the movement will try to keepitthatway."

"They know very well from other experience that the moment they go the otherroute, they have lost."

AntonioCazorla-Sanchez,a Spanish history professor at Trent University, said the amount of support fortheindependence movement shouldnot be gauged by the results of Sunday's referendum.

Turnoutwas only 42 per cent, meaning that the number of Yes votes wasless than 40 per centof eligible voters, he said.

"Those against separation stayed at home," he said. "The absolute majority of Catalans, even separatists, have been always against unilateral declaration on independence."

What many want, said Cazorla-Sanchez, is a new arrangement with Spain.

Catalonia, Spain's wealthiest region, wedged in the northeast on the Mediterranean coast below the mountainous border with France, has its own language and culture, and a growing minority there has nurtured hopes of independence for years.

'At an impasse'

But neither Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy nor Puigdemont has offered them that choice of a new arrangement, Cazorla-Sanchez said.

"That's why we are at an impasse. There is no solution, no solution in sight," Cazorla-Sanchez said.

"There'sa serious risk of clashes and the Catalangovernmentwill take someprovocativeunilateral measure, the Spanish state will again overreact, who knows how, and we'll have something ugly happen."

"The only solution I see is a mobilization of Spanish society rejecting the policies of Rajoy and demanding a real dialogue with the moderate sectors of Catalonia society."

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