TikTok crackdown passes U.S. House: What to know about today's vote
5 key details about Wednesday's landmark moment in the history of social media
The U.S. Congress has moved a big step closer to a crackdown on a popular platform that could have far-reaching implications for social media in the country.
It involves a bill with major implications for the fast-growing site TikTok, renowned for addictive videos and used by hundreds of millions around the world, including millions in Canada.
At issue are alleged concerns about risks to national securityand young users. The counter-claim: American politicians are unfairly picking on a Chinese-owned company.
Here's what's happening.
House vote passes Wednesday
The House of RepresentativesvotedoverwhelminglyWednesdayinfavourofa billcalled the Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act.Itpassed in a largely bipartisan vote,supported by more than three-quarters of the chamber in a 352-65 vote.
The bill specifically cites TikTok. But it could apply to apps owned in countries designated as foreign adversaries under U.S. law meaning Iran, Russia, North Korea and China.
The bill presents two options: China-based ByteDance would have to sell TikTok within 180 days, or TikTok would be banned in the U.S. This would makeit illegal for app stores and web servers there to host, maintain, distribute or feature the site.
"This is my message to TikTok: break up with the Chinese Communist Party or lose access to your American users," said the bill's original sponsor, Republican Congressman Mike Gallagher.
The lawmakers votingagainst the bill constituted an unusual alliance: progressives like Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez teamed up with certainDonald Trump allies, like Marjorie Taylor Greene, and libertarians.
One opponent stood out in particular:As the top Democrat on the chamber's intelligence committee, Jim Himes said he has better insight than most into online threats.
But as he voted against the bill, he said one of the U.S.'sdefining features is that, unlike certain countries, it does not shut down media.
Fate in Senate: TBD
To become law, the bill stillneeds to pass the U.S. Senate. This is by no means guaranteed.
In fact, it's common for bills to pass one chamber and stall in the other. It's happened on gun control, climate change, immigrationand, lately, on Ukraine aid.
To date, the U.S. Senate is non-committal.
It's notable that the Senate has its own social media billthat would force all large platformsto reform their practices.
The Senate's Kids Online Safety Act does not target TikTok specifically.It requiresall platforms to install new safeguards against bullying, sexual exploitation and talk of suicide; to open up their algorithms to researchers; allow parental monitoring; and to produce annual reports on risks and harms.
Thatbroader bill appears to have enough support to passthe Senate.
"[This bill is] just incredibly important," said Josh Golin, executive director of Fairplay For Kids, an online-safety advocacy group.
"Right now, the only way these platforms make decisions about their design is, 'Is this going to increase a young person's time and activity on our site so we can make more money?'"
His group fears Congress might passthe TikTok bill then ignorethe other, broader one.
If both chambers pass either bill, they would require U.S. President Joe Biden's signature. The president has already indicated he would sign the TikTok bill.
China, by the way, restricts, western apps. Major platforms, even news sites, are routinely banned under that country's so-called Great Firewall.
The complaints about TikTok
U.S. officials do not believe assurances that TikTok's data is kept from the Chinese government just because its servers are outside China.
Under Chinese law, they say, the parent company, ByteDance, must take orders from the central government; its staff even includes personnel from China'sgovernment and ruling party.
Leaked audio from internal TikTok meetingsshows thatuser data is repeatedly accessedfrom China.TikTok's parent company allegedly helped buildChina's system for cracking down on Uyghurs, a mostly Muslim ethnic group in the Xinjiang province.A former employee alleges it also helped authorities track protesters in Hong Kong.
American law enforcement agencies are reportedly investigatingafter the company confirmedit hadmonitored the whereabouts and data of U.S. journalists.
ByteDance officials resigned and were fired over the incident.
The just-released annual report by the U.S. Director of National Intelligence alleges a Chinese propaganda arm used TikTok accounts to target candidates from both political parties in the 2022 U.S. midterm elections.
The company further angered U.S. politicians last week by encouraging their tens of millions of users to bombard members of Congress with complaintsabout the potential ban.
"And that's just the beginning. Imagine when China wants to use it more nefariously? Imagine when they want to truly engage in psychological warfare against the American people," said Republican Dan Crenshaw.
"That's why we are so concerned about this. It's not because we're oldand grumpy, and we don't understand TikTok."
The company says it's privately owned and isspending more than $1 billionUSto partner with U.S.-based company Oracle to store user data in Texas.
On child safety, Golin said social-media giants are all doing damage.
As an example, he cited an allegation against Facebookcontained in a lawsuit. Staff warned CEO Mark Zuckerberg that a photo filter mimicking plastic surgery was damaging the mental health of young girls but he overruled them.
Golin said he's seen anecdotes but no hard evidence that TikTok is especially addictive.
He cited one such anecdote from a major personal-injury lawsuit. Itdescribes a common social media strategy based on behavioural psychology developed from old experiments with lab mice.
TikTok allegedly uses that technique, "intermittent variable rewards," to keep users from logging off; the algorithm has a sense of which videos a user wants, and doesn't show them all at once, but spaces them out, according to the suit.
"All [sites are] using the same techniques. It's just a question of whose secret sauce is maybe a little bit more effective at this point," Golin said.
"[TikTok] seem to be perhaps even more Machiavellian and successful," he said. "What people constantly report is, like, 'I didn't even know I wanted to watch that video until TikTok sent it to me. And the next thing I knew, it was three hours later.' "
Trump's surprise flip-flop
There's one famous Republican who has opposed the bill,much to his party's surprise. In a sudden announcement, Donald Trump came out against it last week.
Trump tried banning the app as president. He still maintains there are security concerns, but says he now opposes the move because it would help Facebook, another Trump nemesis.
Here's an element Trump didn't mention: money.
Jeff Yass, thebiggest donor to Club For Growth,one of the biggest-spending political-donation groups in the country,alsohappens to be the largest U.S. investor in TikTok with shares worth billions. Hehas reportedly threatened tocut off funds to politicians who back the TikTok bill.
Though the two reportedly had a falling out,Trump said several weeks ago that he's back on good terms with Yass and Club For Growth.
The bill has split Trump's allies.
One of his staunchest defenders in Congress, Elise Stefanik, signed onto the bill as a co-sponsor; other pro-Trump groups are staunchly supportive.
But some libertarians, and public personalities like Tucker Carlson andElon Musk are on Trump's side here. As is Trump ally Kellyanne Conway, who has reportedly been hired to lobby for TikTok.
Unprecedented? Yes and no
Has there ever been a comparable caseof a massive information platform used by hundreds of millions being forced to divest or disappear? Not quite.
But it's a new twist on an old practice.
According to apiece in the Stanford Law Review, the U.S. has periodically cited national security to restrict foreign presence in certain industries since the dawn of the republic touching banking, shipping, radio, aeronautics and energy, starting from the 1790s.
The U.S. has also blocked foreign ownership bids for U.S. companies a handful of times over the last decade.In virtually every case it involved Chinese attempts to purchase U.S.-based technology companies.
The context for all this? The U.S. rivalry with China, and fears that it could someday break into open conflict over Taiwan.
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