WikiLeaks founder slapped with 18 charges under Espionage Act

In a case with significant First Amendment implications, the U.S. filed new charges Thursday against WikiLeaks founder Julian Assangethat accuse him of violating theEspionage Act by publishing thousands of secret and classified documents, including the identities of confidential sources for American armed forces and diplomats.

In an 18-count, superseding indictment, U.S. Justice Department prosecutors allege Assange directed former army intelligence analyst Chelsea Manning in one of the largest compromises of classified information in U.S. history.It says the WikiLeaks founder damagednational security by publishing documents that harmed the U.S. and its alliesand aided its adversaries.

The case comes amid a U.S. Justice Department crackdown on national security leaks and raises immediate questions about press freedom, including whether Assange's actions such as soliciting and publishing classified information are distinguishable from what traditional journalists do as a matter of course.

Those same concerns led the Obama administration Justice Department to balk at bringing charges for similar conduct.

Assange's lawyer, Barry Pollack, said Thursday that the "unprecedented charges" against his client imperil "all journalists in their endeavour to inform the public about actions that have been taken by the U.S. government." The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press called the case a "dire threat" to media freedom.

But Justice Department officials sought to make clear that they did not view Assange's actions as protected by the First Amendment.

"Julian Assange is no journalist," said assistant attorney general John Demers, the Justice Department's top national security official. "No responsible actor, journalist or otherwise, would purposely publish the names of individuals he or she knew to be confidential sources, exposing them to the gravest of dangers."

Prosecutors sought throughout the document to make a distinction between what Assange did as the founder and "public face" of WikiLeaks and the work of journalists.

They noted, for example, that he promoted his site to a convention of European hackers and published a list of the classified information he sought as The Most Wanted Leaks of 2009.

They described how Assange worked with Manning to improperly access U.S. Department of Defence computers to gain access to thousands of pages of material, and encouraged her as she delved through databases for information.

Prosecutors also say the danger wasn't just to the U.S. government, but to people who worked with it.

Assange published reports from the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq that included the names of Afghans and Iraqis who provided information to American and coalition forces, while the diplomatic cables he released exposed journalists, religious leaders, human rights advocates and dissidents in repressive countries.

In an August 2010 interview, Assange called it "regrettable" that sources disclosed by WikiLeaks could be harmed, but said WikiLeaks was "not obligated to protect other people's sources," according to the indictment.

Ethical questions

The charges under the Espionage Act go far beyond an initial indictment against Assange, made public last month, that accused him of conspiring with Manning to crack a defence computer password.

First Amendment aside, the indictment poses a secondary ethical question for journalists. News organizations around the world widely used the Manning material, which provided previously unavailable information about the Guantanamo Bay detention centre, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, and international diplomacy.

Assange is now being prosecuted for releasing documents that many reporters found inherently newsworthy.

Assange, 47, is in custody in London after being evicted from the Ecuadorian Embassy in April. The U.S. is seeking his extradition.

Manning, who was convicted in military court for providing a trove of classified documents to WikiLeaks, is currently in a northern Virginia jail on a civil contempt charge.

Manning spent two months in the Alexandria Detention Center,beginning in March, after she refused to testify to a grand jury investigating WikiLeaks. That grand jury is sitting in Alexandria, where Assange is charged. She could remain in jail for up to 18 months the length of the current grand jury's term.

Manning has said she believes prosecutors want to question her about the same conduct for which she was convicted at her court martial. She served seven years of a 35-year military sentence before receiving a commutation from then president Barack Obama.