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Science

Pluto's moons wobble unpredictably around 'double-planet'

There's a chaotic dance going on at the far end of our solar system, involving Pluto and five of its closest friends.

Pluto, Charon are solar system's only binary 'planet' system

The Pluto system consists of four small moons - Styx, Nix, Kerberos and Hydra - that orbit a central "double planet" comprising Pluto and its large, nearby moon Charon. ( NASA/STScI/Showalter)

There's a chaotic dance going on at the far end of our solar system, involving Pluto and five of its closest friends, a new study finds.

Hubble Space Telescope images of Pluto, its largest moon Charon, and tinier moons Styx, Nix, Hydra and Kerberos show the odd rhythmic gyrations of the six distant objects in a dance unlike anything in our solar system.

Scaling Pluto and its moons up to the size of Jupiter creates a system very similar to the Jupiter system we already know, except for Charon. Scientists say Charon is the primary driver of the chaos in the Pluto system. (NASA/ESA/M. Showalter(SETI)/G. Bacon (STScI))

What makes it so odd is that there's a double set of dances going on. First, Pluto and Charon are locked together in their own waltz "as if they are a dumbbell" with a rod connecting them, said study author Mark Showalter of the SETI Institute in California. It's the solar system's only binary planet system, even though Charon isn't technically a planet, he said. Pluto, too, is no longer considered a full planet.

"It's pretty darn weird," Showalter said.

But Pluto and Charon aren't alone, and that's where it gets more complicated.

This set of computer modeling illustrations of Plutos moon Nix shows how the orientation of the moon changes unpredictably as it orbits the 'double planet' Pluto-Charon. (NASA/ESA/M. Showalter(SETI)/G. Bacon (STScI))

The four little moons circle the Pluto-Charon combo, wobbling a bit when they go closer to either Pluto or Charon, being pushed and pulled by the two bigger objects.

Those four moons orbit Pluto-Charon in a precise rhythmic way, but with a twist: They also interact when they near each other. So it seems like they all dance to one overarching beat but not quite in the same way, just doing their own thing, said planetary scientist Heidi Hammel of the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy.

Hubble data reveal the moon Kerberos is as dark as a charcoal briquette, while the other frozen moons are as bright as sand. (NASA/ESA/A. Feild (STScI))

"It's kind of like you'd see at a Grateful Dead concert," Hammel said. She wasn't part of the study, but praised it as giving a glimpse of what might be happening in other distant star systems where there are two stars and planets that revolve around them, like the mythical Star Wars world of Tatooine.

NASA's $700 million New Horizons spacecraft will arrive in the Pluto system in mid-July after a nine-year 3 billion mile flight that started before Pluto was demoted to dwarf-planet status.